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Physical Communication

Increasing key randomness in physical layer key generation based on RSSI in LoRaWAN devices

Pedro Cruz, Ricardo Suyama, Murilo Loiola

Published Oct 15, 2021• 11 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101480

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Wireless channel state information has been widely utilized in physical layer key generation (PLKG) as shared random sources. The temporal randomness and reciprocity of the channel parameters are utilized, posing a requirement for high-precision time-division duplexing (TDD) channel measurement. However, existing real channel measurement-based PLKG studies suffer from significant channel estimation errors, which degrade the measured channel reciprocity and increase the key disagreement rate. Furthermore, PLKG in static environments has aroused extensive attention. In static environments, the channel temporal variation is very weak, and is generally considered insufficient for reliable key generation. To address these challenges, in this paper, a high-precision bidirectional wireless channel fluctuation measuring platform was designed and implemented based on generic software-defined radio (SDR) architectures. The hardware impairments of multiple SDR platforms with different architectures were systematically analyzed. With such hardware impairments, traditional channel estimation methods, such as least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE), were found suboptimal for measurement of the received signal strength indication (RSSI), and a tailored TDD RSSI measurement algorithm was proposed for generic SDR devices. With the proposed algorithm, TDD measurement with 200∼500μs period was achieved with root mean square (RMS) RSSI measurement error of less than 0:002dB on all tested devices, significantly outperforming the state-of-the-art result in the same field. The wireless channel fluctuations in indoor office static environments were measured using the proposed system, and results have shown that RSSI fluctuations smaller than 0:5dB can be detected with high reciprocity between opposite directions, which provides fine-grained RSSI data for PLKG. Through PLKG experiment based on the measurement data, a high KGR of 80bit/s can be achieved with an acceptable KDR of 0:05∼0:2, highlighting the critical role of precise and fine-grained RSSI measurements in enabling efficient PLKG.