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The Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch

Utilizing natural physical reservoir realized on noisy superconducting quantum processors for temporal information processing

Yudai Suzuki, Qi Gao, Kenji Yasuoka, Naoki Yamamoto

Published Jan 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum reservoir computing is a type of machine-learning scheme that exploits the nonlinearity of natural quantum dynamics for temporal information processing. In a recent study of quantum reservoir computing, an artificially-engineered reservoir is introduced to model the system, which is implemented on noisy gate-base quantum computer to test its performance. However, the proposed system has difficulty in physical implementation from a practical perspective. In this study, we propose a new quantum reservoir computing scheme based on natural physical reservoir on a superconducting quantum device; this system makes full use of the realistic (un-modeled) noise that can couple neighboring qubits. Here, we utilize the IBM superconducting quantum processors to demonstrate the performance for a sequential data processing task; an emulation of the Non-Linear Auto-Regressive Moving Average dynamics (NARMA task). As a result, we observed our proposed model outperformed a simple classical linear regression. This result indicates that a natural physical quantum reservoir realized on a noisy quantum computer is a promising candidate for practical temporal information processing.

DOI
10.1299/jsmekanto.2021.27.11c01

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Quantum reservoir computing is a type of machine-learning scheme that exploits the nonlinearity of natural quantum dynamics for temporal information processing. In a recent study of quantum reservoir computing, an artificially-engineered reservoir is introduced to model the system, which is implemented on noisy gate-base quantum computer to test its performance. However, the proposed system has difficulty in physical implementation from a practical perspective. In this study, we propose a new quantum reservoir computing scheme based on natural physical reservoir on a superconducting quantum device; this system makes full use of the realistic (un-modeled) noise that can couple neighboring qubits. Here, we utilize the IBM superconducting quantum processors to demonstrate the performance for a sequential data processing task; an emulation of the Non-Linear Auto-Regressive Moving Average dynamics (NARMA task). As a result, we observed our proposed model outperformed a simple classical linear regression. This result indicates that a natural physical quantum reservoir realized on a noisy quantum computer is a promising candidate for practical temporal information processing.
Reservoir computing is a temporal information processing system that exploits artificial or physical dissipative dynamics to learn a dynamical system and generate the target time-series. This paper proposes the use of real superconducting quantum computing devices as the reservoir, where the dissipative property is served by the natural noise added to the quantum bits. The performance of this natural quantum reservoir is demonstrated in a benchmark time-series regression problem and a practical problem classifying different objects based on temporal sensor data. In both cases the proposed reservoir computer shows a higher performance than a linear regression or classification model. The results indicate that a noisy quantum device potentially functions as a reservoir computer, and notably, the quantum noise, which is undesirable in the conventional quantum computation, can be used as a rich computation resource.
Reservoir computing is a machine learning paradigm that exploits nonlinear dissipative dynamical systems for temporal information processing, and can be combined with quantum computing to form quantum reservoir computers. This study proposes a class of quantum reservoir computers that can be implemented on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers and possesses the properties required to be reservoir computers, especially universality. Efficient implementation and proof-of-principle demonstration on several cloud-based IBM superconducting quantum devices suggest that the proposed scheme could lead to promising applications of NISQ computers.
Reservoir computing is a machine learning framework that uses artificial or physical dissipative dynamics to predict time-series data using nonlinearity and memory properties of dynamical systems. Quantum systems are considered promising physical reservoirs, and several quantum reservoir computing (QRC) schemes that exploit intrinsic quantum mechanical properties as computational resources have been proposed. This paper focuses on a particular QRC scheme that was theoretically proposed to use the repeated quantum non-demolition measurement to generate a time series, mainly for the purpose of reducing the total execution time compared to the conventional method without repeated measurement. We experimentally implemented this scheme on IBM superconducting devices and demonstrated that shorter execution time and higher accuracy can be achieved than with a specific conventional method. Then, we study the temporal information processing capacity to quantify the computational capability of the proposed QRC; in particular, we use this quantity to identify the measurement strength that finds the best balance between the amount of available information and the strength of dissipation. An experimental demonstration with a soft robot is also provided, where repeated measurement over 1,000 timesteps was effectively implemented. Finally, we implemented the repeated-measurement QRC scheme using 120 qubits, to test the potential computational power of a large-scale QRC.
Physical reservoir computing provides a powerful machine learning paradigm that exploits nonlinear physical dynamics for efficient information processing. By incorporating quantum effects, quantum reservoir computing offers superior potential for machine learning applications, as quantum dynamics are exponentially costly to simulate classically. Here, we present a novel quantum reservoir computing approach based on correlated quantum spin systems, exploiting natural quantum many-body interactions to generate reservoir dynamics, thereby circumventing the practical challenges of deep quantum circuits. Our experimental implementation supports nontrivial quantum entanglement and exhibits sufficient dynamical complexity for high-performance machine learning. We achieve state-of-the-art performance in experiments on standard time-series benchmarks, reducing prediction error by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared to previous quantum reservoir experiments. In long-term weather forecasting, our 9-spin quantum reservoir delivers greater prediction accuracy than classical reservoirs with thousands of nodes. This represents the first experimental demonstration of quantum machine learning outperforming large-scale classical models on real-world tasks.
Quantum computing has been moving from a theoretical phase to practical one, presenting daunting challenges in implementing physical qubits, which are subjected to noises from the surrounding environment. These quantum noises are ubiquitous in quantum devices and generate adverse effects in the quantum computational model, leading to extensive research on their correction and mitigation techniques. But do these quantum noises always provide disadvantages? We show that some abstract quantum noise models can induce useful information processing capabilities for temporal input data in a framework called quantum reservoir computing. We demonstrate this ability in several typical benchmarks and investigate the information processing capacity to clarify the framework's processing mechanism and memory profile. We verified our perspective by implementing the framework in a number of IBM quantum processors and obtained similar characteristic memory profiles with model analyses. As a surprising result, information processing capacity increased with quantum devices' higher noise levels and error rates. Our study opens up a path for diverting useful information from quantum computer noises into a more sophisticated information processor.
A distinctive feature of Quantum Reservoir Computing (QRC) is the ability to directly embed quantum input states into the reservoir dynamics. However, the resulting output is fundamentally linear for a single input state, preventing QRC from naturally computing nonlinear functionals such as purity or entropy. We overcome this limitation with a quantum-classical hybrid architecture combining a qubit quantum reservoir with a classical echo state network (ESN), allowing both nonlinear functional approximation and effective temporal processing. We systematically study performance under two information regimes: full-tomography and partial information (single-axis measurements), with the latter demonstrating that the hybrid system outperforms its standalone components in both linear and nonlinear tasks due to the enhanced information retrieval provided by the quantum reservoir. Building on these results, we apply an online monitoring protocol that explicitly accounts for measurement back-action and finite measurement ensembles, enabling a realistic assessment of performance under experimental conditions. These results establish hybrid quantum-classical reservoir computing (HRC) architectures as a practical and scalable route for enhanced quantum machine learning on near-term qubit hardware.