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Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering

Improved quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping

Mahsa Khorrampanah, Monireh Houshmand, Ali Karimi-lenji

Published May 18, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using entanglement swapping, a quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed. After sharing three-EPR among users, for encoding the message, the sender prepares an auxiliary EPR pair and by operating defined Pauli operations, she transmits six-bit message to her two agents. Since using entanglement swapping, no qubits carrying message are transmitted. So, if the perfect quantum channel is used, the protocol is unconditional secure. In addition, this protocol enhances the efficiency of Zhang-Man and Chou et al. protocols and with the comparison of previous works has better performance.

DOI
10.1109/icee52715.2021.9544157

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•Oct 24, 2006•1 citation
Using entanglement swapping, a quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed. After sharing three-EPR among users, for encoding the message, the sender prepares an auxiliary EPR pair and by operating defined Pauli operations, she transmits six-bit message to her two agents. Since using entanglement swapping, no qubits carrying message are transmitted. So, if the perfect quantum channel is used, the protocol is unconditional secure. In addition, this protocol enhances the efficiency of Zhang-Man and Chou et al. protocols and with the comparison of previous works has better performance.
To improve the efficiency of quantum secret sharing, a protocol share the message directly among the users was proposed. The scheme made full use of entanglement swapping of Bell states and local operations. For detection of eavesdropping, the EPR pairs were divided into two parts: the checking parts and the encoding parts. After insuring the security of the quantum channel by measuring the checking particles in conjugate bases, the sender encoded her bits via the local unitary operations on the encoding parts. Investigation shows that the protocol is secure and two Bell states can be used to share two bits message.
Based on the multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol [Z. J. Zhang and Z. X. Man, Phys. Rev. A 72, 022303 (2005)] , we proposed two schemes to enhance the transmission efficiency of whole protocol. In our improved version of the Zhang-Man protocol which the dealer can transmit double amount of secret messages at a time securely instead of doing the Zhang-Man protocol twice. Besides, we save a lot of cost of whole quantum secret sharing system. When the amount of secret messages is large and the number of agents is more, the performance of our schemes is much better than the ZhangMan protocol.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS), an important branch of quantum communication, is the generalization of classical secret sharing into quantum scenario. The secret messages are split into several parts, and each part is distributed to a separate party so that no action of a subset of all the parties without the cooperation of the entire group is able to read out the secret messages. In this paper, a quantum state sharing protocol is proposed by using entanglement swapping and random EPR selection. The EPR pairs of Bell-state measurement are selected randomly by the sender Alice, which can improve the security of the scheme and raise probability of detecting Eve to 95.8%. In addition, difference coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed. It is convenient in application as it require only two qubit entanglements, one measuring-basis and two-qubit joint measurements, not GHZ states, for sharing an arbitrary secret two-qubit state.
Based on the multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol called Zhang–Man protocol, the authors proposed two schemes to enhance the transmission efficiency of whole protocol. In the proposed improved protocol, the dealer can transmit double amount of secret messages at a time securely instead of doing the original Zhang–Man protocol twice. Besides, the authors save a lot of cost of whole QSS system. When the amount of secret messages is large and the number of agents is more, the performance of our protocol is much better than the Zhang–Man protocol. The authors also proposed a reuse scheme, after the secret message had been deduced, the left qubits can be reused for a new round. All of the scheme the authors mentioned above could be extended to multiparty cases in practice.
Inspired by quantum secure direct communication, a three-party quantum secret sharing approach is proposed. In the preparation phase, the sender shares a GHZ state among users. After she ensures about the security of the channel, she generates an auxiliary GHZ state and keeps it. Then she encodes three-bit information on the GHZ states, by applying the appropriate gates on her qubits. In the decoding phase, the three parties measure their qubits. The receivers achieve no information on the encoded message individually and just when they know the others' measurement results have access to the secret message. The security of the preparation phase against various attacks is investigated. Since no qubits carrying the message are transmitted, the protocol is completely secure, if the perfect quantum channel is used. The proposed approach has a better efficiency as compared to the previous ones.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed to utilize the magic properties of entanglement swapping. In this scheme, a set of (2N-1) EPR pairs is used to encode and distribute a secret message to (N-1) parties. Each secret message will be split into (N-1) packets. By performing the local unitary operations and entanglement swapping, each classical bit packet will be encoded secretly into Bell states so no subset of parties but their entire cooperation can read out the original secret message. The security of this proposed scheme is also considered.