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Results in Physics

Optical PAM-4 generation via electromagnetically induced transparency in nitrogen-vacancy centers

Jing Wang, Mingzhi Han, Shengfang Zhao, Yangjian Cai, Fedor Jelezko, Zhengmao Jia, Qingtian Zeng, Yandong Peng

Published Sep 14, 2021• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A scheme of optical four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is proposed based on phase-dependent electromagnetic-induced transparency (EIT) in nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. For a closed structure, its transmission depends on the relative phase of applied fields. Based on EIT, the PAM-4 may be achieved by encoding the relative phase and decoding the amplitude of the transmission field. Simulation results show that the differential nonlinearity and the integral nonlinearity of the proposed scheme could be reduced by two orders of magnitude compared with that based on Mach–Zehnder modulator scheme, and the ratio of level separation mismatch is closer to the ideal value 1. Furthermore, the improvement of the system at different probe field detunings and coupling field strengths is investigated.

DOI
10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104802

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A scheme of optical four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is proposed based on phase-dependent electromagnetic-induced transparency (EIT) in nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. For a closed structure, its transmission depends on the relative phase of applied fields. Based on EIT, the PAM-4 may be achieved by encoding the relative phase and decoding the amplitude of the transmission field. Simulation results show that the differential nonlinearity and the integral nonlinearity of the proposed scheme could be reduced by two orders of magnitude compared with that based on Mach–Zehnder modulator scheme, and the ratio of level separation mismatch is closer to the ideal value 1. Furthermore, the improvement of the system at different probe field detunings and coupling field strengths is investigated.
A scheme of optical four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is proposed based on dual-Raman process in Rydberg atoms. A probe field counter-propagates with a dual-Raman field which drives the ground and the excited states transition, respectively, and the Rydberg transition is driven by a microwave (MW) field. A gain peak appears in the probe transmission and is sensitive to the MW field strength. Optical PAM-4 can be achieved by encoding an MW signal and decoding the magnitude of a probe signal. Simulation results show that the differential nonlinearity and the integral nonlinearity of the proposed scheme can be reduced by 5 times and 6 times, respectively, compared with the counterparts of previous scheme, and the ratio of level separation mismatch is close to the ideal value 1. Moreover, the scheme is extended to optical PAM-8 signal, which may further improve the spectral efficiency.
This final technical report summarizes research supported by ARO in two areas: electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) from electron spin coherence and cavity QED with nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanocrystals. We have developed three different schemes to realize EIT using electron spin coherence in semiconductor quantum wells. The three schemes include the use of V-type three-level systems via heavy hole excitonic transitions in an external magnetic field in the Voigt geometry, the use of V-type three-level systems via light hole excitonic transitions in a waveguide geometry and in the absence of an external magnetic field, and the use of a lamda-type three-level system in a mixed-type quantum well structure. We have achieved the breakthrough of realizing the strong coupling regime in cavity QED by coupling NV centers in diamond nanocrystals to whispering gallery modes in a deformed fused silica microsphere. In addition, our improved understanding on how electron spin coherence contributes to nonlinear optical processes in semiconductors has also led to the demonstration of a spin manipulation scheme that controls both the amplitude and phase of electron spin precessions.
We theoretically investigate a double-Λ electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system. The property of the double-Λ medium with a closed-loop configuration depends on the relative phase of the applied laser fields. This phase-dependent mechanism differentiates the double-Λ medium from the conventional Kerr-based nonlinear medium, e.g., EIT-based nonlinear medium discussed by Harris and Hau [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4611 (1999)], which depends only on the intensities of the applied laser fields. Steady-state analytical solutions for the phase-dependent system are obtained by solving the Maxwell-Bloch equations. In addition, we discuss efficient all-optical phase modulation and coherent light amplification based on the proposed double-Λ EIT scheme.
Recently a cross-phase modulation scheme that yields giant Kerr nonlinearities by use of an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was proposed [Schmidt and Imamoglu, Opt. Lett. 21, 1936 (1996)]. We analyze the high-speed properties of this scheme for short-pulse propagation. We discuss the relevant losses in this system and show that for short pulses one-photon losses are dominant. We demonstrate that over the entire bandwidth the attainable phase shift in an EIT scheme with a quasi-cw coupling field is orders of magnitude higher than in a conventional three-level scheme or in EIT schemes, in which matched pulses are used to create the transparency.
We present a study of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) under the excitation of a 100% amplitude-modulated(AM) coupling field.The EIT feature is associated with a Λ type three-level configuration where a coupling and probe field couples two separate optical transitions and it is well-known that the spectrum of the swept probe field gives a simple single transparency feature induced by the single mode coupling field.It is shown that when a 100% AM coupling field is applied,there is an EIT doublet...
We investigate a four-level double-Lambda atomic scheme interacting with four laser fields, a weak probe field, a weak signal field and two driven fields, in a closed-loop configuration. We study the Kerr nonlinearity associated with cross-phase modulation based on electromagnetically induced transparency. Our results show, in this closed-loop system, that the strength of cross-phase modulation and two-photon absorption are dependent critically on the relative phase between the excitation paths. By choosing the parameters appropriately, large cross-phase modulation can be achieved within a wide transparency window, while two-photon absorption is cancelled completely. The strength of cross-phase modulation can be enhanced much more by decreasing the intensities of two driven fields.