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Physical Review A

Demonstration of 1→3 continuous-variable quantum telecloning

Qingwei Wang, Wei Li, Yimiao Wu, Wenxiu Yao, Li Fan, Long Tian, Yajun Wang, Yaohui Zheng

Published Sep 22, 2021• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The distribution of the quantum states to remote receivers is an indispensable technology in quantum communication, quantum networks, and quantum information processing. Perfect distribution does not allow any quantum information loss of the distributed quantum state. Quantum telecloning, which is made up of quantum cloning and quantum teleportation, is a remote quantum information distribution protocol. Here, we experimentally demonstrate unconditional $1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3$ quantum telecloning of coherent states, and the fidelities of the cloned states are $0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, 0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, and $0.49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$, respectively. No information about the unknown state is lost during the telecloning process by exploiting the quadripartite entangled modes as an auxiliary resource. Deterministic $1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3$ quantum telecloning has great potential for applications in advanced quantum technology.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.104.032419

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The distribution of the quantum states to remote receivers is an indispensable technology in quantum communication, quantum networks, and quantum information processing. Perfect distribution does not allow any quantum information loss of the distributed quantum state. Quantum telecloning, which is made up of quantum cloning and quantum teleportation, is a remote quantum information distribution protocol. Here, we experimentally demonstrate unconditional 1\ensuremath→31\ensuremath{\rightarrow}31\ensuremath→3 quantum telecloning of coherent states, and the fidelities of the cloned states are 0.64\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.01,0.64\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.010.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, 0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010.64\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.01,0.64\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.01, and 0.49\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.010.49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010.49\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.01, respectively. No information about the unknown state is lost during the telecloning process by exploiting the quadripartite entangled modes as an auxiliary resource. Deterministic 1\ensuremath→31\ensuremath{\rightarrow}31\ensuremath→3 quantum telecloning has great potential for applications in advanced quantum technology.
Quantum telecloning, a pivotal multiuser quantum communication protocol in the realm of quantum information science, facilitates the copy of a quantum state across M distinct locations through teleportation technique. In the continuous-variable regime, the implementation of quantum telecloning necessitates the distribution of multipartite entanglement among the sender and M receiver parties. Following this, the sender carries out optic-electro conversion and transmits information via classical channel to M spatially separated receivers simultaneously. To successfully reconstruct the input state, electro-optic conversion needs to be employed by each receiver. However, due to these conversions, the bandwidth of the optical mode in this process is largely constrained. In this Letter, we present an all-optical version of the 1→2 continuous-variable quantum telecloning scheme, wherein both optic-electro and electro-optic conversions are replaced by optical components. Our scheme allows the two receivers to achieve input state reconstruction solely by utilizing beam splitters, significantly simplifying its complexity. We experimentally demonstrate all-optical 1→2 quantum telecloning of coherent state and achieve the fidelities of 58.6%±1.0% and 58.6%±1.1% for two clones, exceeding the corresponding classical limits (51.9%±0.5% and 51.9%±0.6%). Our results establish a platform for constructing a flexible all-optical multiuser quantum network and promote the field of all-optical quantum information processing.
We first classify the quantum clone into irreversible and reversible types from the perspective of quantum-information distribution. We propose a scheme of continuous-variable reversible telecloning, which broadcast the information of an unknown state without loss from a sender to several spatially separated receivers exploiting multipartite entanglement as quantum channels. In this scheme, the quantum information of an unknown state is distributed into MMM optimal clones and $M\ensuremath{-}1$ anticlones using 2M2M2M-partite entanglement. For the perfect quantum-information distribution that is optimal cloning, 2M2M2M-partite entanglement is required to be a maximum two-party entanglement.
Due to the no-cloning theorem, generating perfect quantum clones of an arbitrary unknown quantum state is not possible, however approximate quantum clones can be constructed. Quantum telecloning is a protocol that originates from a combination of quantum teleportation and quantum cloning. Here we present 1 → 2 and 1 → 3 quantum telecloning circuits, with and without ancilla, that are theoretically optimal (meaning the clones have the highest fidelity allowed by quantum mechanics), universal (meaning the clone fidelity is independent of the state being cloned), and symmetric (meaning the clones all have the same fidelity). We implement these circuits on gate model IBMQ and Quantinuum NISQ hardware and quantify the clone fidelities using parallel single qubit state tomography. Quantum telecloning using mid-circuit measurement with classical feed-forward control (i.e. real time if statements) is demonstrated on the Quantinuum H1-2 device. Two alternative implementations of quantum telecloning, deferred measurement and post selection, are demonstrated on ibmq_montreal, where mid-circuit measurements with real time if statements are not available. Our results show that NISQ devices can achieve near-optimal quantum telecloning fidelity; for example the Quantinuum H1-2 device running the telecloning circuits without ancilla achieved a mean clone fidelity of 0.824 with standard deviation of 0.024 for two clone circuits and 0.765 with standard deviation of 0.022 for three clone circuits. The theoretical fidelity limits are 0.83ˉ0.8\bar 30.83ˉ for two clones and 0.7ˉ0.\bar 70.7ˉ for three clones. This demonstrates the viability of performing experimental analysis of quantum information networks and quantum cryptography protocols on NISQ computers.
To scale quantum information processing, quantum state distributors are an indispensable technology in quantum networks. We present a universal scheme of a continuous variable quantum state distributor that performs point-to-multipoint distributions via quantum teleportation with partially disembodied transport. The fidelity of the state at the output nodes can be conveniently manipulated as needed by engineering the correlation noise of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) beam. For a 1→2 distributor, controllable distributions were demonstrated by manipulating the squeezing factor of EPR entanglement. The fidelities of the two receivers gradually changed from (2/3, 2/3) to (0.95, 0.17) corresponding to the transition from symmetric to asymmetric quantum cloning.
Although perfect copying of an unknown quantum state is not possible, approximate cloning is possible in quantum mechanics. Quantum telecloning is a variant of approximate quantum cloning which uses quantum teleportation to allow for the use of classical communication to create physically separate clones of a quantum state. We present results of a of 1 →9 universal, symmetric, optimal quantum telecloning implementation on a cloud accessible quantum computer - the Quantinuum H1-1 device. The H1-1 device allows direct creation of the telecloning protocol due to real time classical if-statements that are conditional on the mid-circuit measurement outcome of a Bell measurement. In this implementation, we also provide an improvement over previous work for the circuit model description of quantum telecloning, which reduces the required gate depth and gate count for an all-to-all connectivity. The demonstration of creating 9 approximate clones on a quantum processor is the largest number of clones that has been generated, telecloning or otherwise.