Quantum computer is a computational framework based on Quantum Mechanism, which is receiving more and more attentions during the last few decades. It has reached remarkable success on some specific tasks comparing with classical computers. In this paper, we summarize the latest progress of this area, including fundamental knowledge, varying state-of-the-art quantum algorithms and physical implementation of quantum computers. This paper discusses the reason of quantum computer's powerful computing ability — the correlation effect between quantum entangled states. Several possible schemes of quantum computer are introduced. It is pointed out that the research of quantum computer needs the combination of the most advanced micro physical technology and computer technology.
Quantum computer is a computational framework based on Quantum Mechanism, which is receiving more and more attentions during the last few decades. It has reached remarkable success on some specific tasks comparing with classical computers. In this paper, we summarize the latest progress of this area, including fundamental knowledge, varying state-of-the-art quantum algorithms and physical implementation of quantum computers. This paper discusses the reason of quantum computer's powerful computing ability — the correlation effect between quantum entangled states. Several possible schemes of quantum computer are introduced. It is pointed out that the research of quantum computer needs the combination of the most advanced micro physical technology and computer technology.
Quantum computing is a computational framework based on the Quantum Mechanism, which has gotten a lot of attention in the past few decades.In comparison to traditional computers, it has achieved amazing performance on several specialized tasks.Quantum computing is the study of quantum computers that use quantum mechanics phenomena such as entanglement, superposition, annealing, and tunneling to solve problems that humans cannot solve in their lifetime.This article offers a brief outline of what is happening in the field of quantum computing, as well as the current state of the art.It also summarizes the features of quantum computing in terms of major elements such as qubit computation, quantum parallelism, and reverse computing.The study investigates the cause of a quantum computer's great computing capabilities by utilizing quantum entangled states.It also emphasizes that quantum computer research requires a combination of the most sophisticated sciences, such as computer technology, micro-physics, and advanced mathematics.
Quantum computing is a modern way of computing that is based on the science of quantum mechanics and its unbelievable phenomena. It is a beautiful combination of physics, mathematics, computer science and information theory. It provides high computational power, less energy consumption and exponential speed over classical computers by controlling the behavior of small physical objects i.e. microscopic particles like atoms, electrons, photons, etc. Here, we present an introduction to the fundamental concepts and some ideas of quantum computing. This paper starts with the origin of traditional computing and discusses all the improvements and transformations that have been done due to their limitations until now. Then it moves on to the basic working of quantum computing and the quantum properties it follows like superposition, entanglement and interference. To understand the full potentials and challenges of a practical quantum computer that can be launched commercially, the paper covers the architecture, hardware, software, design, types and algorithms that are specifically required by the quantum computers. It uncovers the capability of quantum computers that can impact our lives in various viewpoints like cyber security, traffic optimization, medicines, artificial intelligence and many more. At last, we concluded all the importance, advantages and disadvantages of quantum computers. Small-scale quantum computers are being developed recently. This development is heading towards a great future due to their high potential capabilities and advancements in ongoing research. Before focusing on the significances of a general-purpose quantum computer and exploring the power of the new arising technology, it is better to review the origin, potentials, and limitations of the existing traditional computing. This information helps us in understanding the possible challenges in developing exotic and competitive technology. It will also give us an insight into the ongoing progress in this field.
Over the past several decades, quantum information science has emerged to seek answers to the question: can we gain some advantage by storing, transmitting and processing information encoded in systems that exhibit unique quantum properties? Today it is understood that the answer is yes, and many research groups around the world are working towards the highly ambitious technological goal of building a quantum computer, which would dramatically improve computational power for particular tasks. A number of physical systems, spanning much of modern physics, are being developed for quantum computation. However, it remains unclear which technology, if any, will ultimately prove successful. Here we describe the latest developments for each of the leading approaches and explain the major challenges for the future. This review outlines the principles of operation of quantum computers and their elements. The theory of ideal computers that do not interact with the environment and are immune to quantum decohering processes is presented. Decohering processes in quantum computers are investigated. The review considers methods for correcting quantum computing errors arising from the decoherence of the state of the quantum computer, as well as possible methods for the suppression of the decohering processes. A brief enumeration of proposed quantum computer realizations concludes the review.
Quantum computing is the area of study focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory. The quantum computer, following the laws of quantum physics, would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously. Classical computing relies, at its ultimate level, on principles expressed by Boolean algebra. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time or bits. While the time that each transistor or capacitor needs to be either in 0 or 1 before switching states is now measurable in billionths of a second, there is still a limit as to how quickly these devices can be made to switch state. As the authors progress to smaller and faster circuits, they begin to reach the physical limits of materials and the threshold for classical laws of physics to apply. Beyond this, the quantum world takes over.
Quantum computing represents a transformative paradigm that exploits the principles of quantum mechanics—superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference—to perform computations beyond the capabilities of classical computers. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts underlying quantum computation, including qubits, quantum gates, quantum algorithms and measurement theory. It further examines major physical implementations of quantum computers, such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, photonic systems, spin-based qubits, and topological approaches, highlighting their operational principles, advantages, and technological limitations. Key challenges hindering large-scale quantum computation—decoherence, error rates, qubit scalability, and fault tolerance—are critically discussed. Additionally, recent progress in quantum error correction, hybrid quantum–classical algorithms, and hardware optimization is summarized. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential applications of quantum computing in cryptography, materials science, optimization, and drug discovery. By integrating theoretical foundations with experimental advancements, this article aims to provide a clear and accessible reference for students, researchers, and scientists entering the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing.
A new paradigm of computation has appeared recently that is known as quantum computing and which is able to solve difficult problems that cannot be solved using classical computing.It provides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts, computational models, architectures, tools, applications and implications of quantum computing.The paper is based on the latest research, and it's used to evaluate the state of quantum computing, from theory to practical, application-oriented implementations.Fundamental concepts such as qubits, superposition, entanglement and hybrid quantum-classical computation are explained, along with major models and frameworks of quantum computing, including Cirq, TensorFlow Quantum and ProjectQ.Furthermore, various significant application areas, such as cryptography, optimization, AI, drug discovery, and industrial computing, are explored, highlighting the applications' potential and their technological development.Although great strides have been made, scalability, noise, error correction, interoperability and hardware challenges are major problems in the NISQ era.It also examines new trends, future research directions and the societal, security and ethical considerations of the advancement of quantum technology.But the bigger picture indicates that quantum computing is progressing from theory to reality, and there are many technical and institutional challenges to be resolved along the way.Interdisciplinary studies and responsible innovation will be key to unlocking the potential of quantum computing as the next generation of computational technology.