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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Diffraction Structure of Quantum Ghost Images

Dmitriy A. Balakin, Aleksandr V. Belinsky

Published Jul 1, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We consider the effect of diffraction due to the finite width of pump radiation illuminating a nonlinear crystal, in which spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) occurs, on the spatial resolution of ghost images. We propose the required formal relations and the computational algorithm and perform numerical simulation with account for the influence of this distorting factor on the quality of ghost images.

DOI
10.1134/s1063776121060091

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Abstract We consider the effect of diffraction due to the finite width of pump radiation illuminating a nonlinear crystal, in which spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) occurs, on the spatial resolution of ghost images. We propose the required formal relations and the computational algorithm and perform numerical simulation with account for the influence of this distorting factor on the quality of ghost images.
In traditional ghost imaging, the entangled photon pairs produced from the spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process are used. There is an intrinsic disadvantage that the utilization efficiency of the photon pairs is very low. Inasmuch as all the correlated photon pairs produced by the degenerate SPDC process can be used to record the image of an object, the ghost imaging scheme we present here has a higher utilization efficiency of the photon pairs. We also investigate the robustness of our experimental scheme. The experimental results show that, no matter whether the photon-pair source is two light cones or two beam-like spots, the clear image of the object can be obtained. The slight rotation of the nonlinear crystal has no influence on the imaging quality. Our experimental results also demonstrate that when the part of the photon-pair source in the signal path or the idler path is blocked by unwanted things, the clear ghost image of the object can still be recorded.
Abstract A study is performed of a degenerate parametric process in which two orthogonally polarized counterpropagating modes are generated and propagate in a periodically poled nonlinear crystal. A scheme for quantum ghost imaging is proposed. It is established that beam diffraction has a negligible effect on the second-order coefficients of correlation. This offers good prospects for the formation of high-quality ghost images, since diffraction is normally the factor that has the worst effect on their spatial resolution.
A generalization of the calculation of the formation of ghost images in the course of backward four-photon mixing to the real situation of non-planar spatially limited pumping, which has a Gaussian profile of the fundamental laser mode, is developed, taking into account the specifics of the formation of phantom images. Computer images have been obtained that make it possible to estimate the spatial resolution of the systems. A relatively simple equivalent scheme for describing the process is proposed, which shows that the effect of diffraction in nonlinear systems is similar to its role in ordinary linear optics with a limited aperture. A fiber-optic version of the formation of ghost images is proposed, suitable for the study of hard-to-reach cavities and organs of the human body, which allow the introduction of a thin fiber bundle there. Keywords: quantum entangled states, quantum images, optical systems, ghost images, quantum measurements.
Quantum ghost imaging approaches have been proposed to enhance biological microscopy, for example, using 2D visible detectors to provide IR images or providing additional dimensions of spatial or spectral information. Toward the goal of making such imaging schemes practical, we compare image quality and depth-of-field between traditional images and ghost images at the same excitation levels. We measure how image quality and depth-of-field depend on the parameters of the entangled light produced using type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). We use a pair of time-synchronized, photon-timing single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array detectors to capture two distinct microscope imaging paths simultaneously on a photon-pair-by-photon-pair basis: one in a traditional imaging pathway and the other a quantum ghost imaging pathway. We calculate the depth-of-field, resolution, contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through the parameter space of a β-Barium Borate (BBO) type-I bulk non-linear crystal length and angle. Our results provide a basis for choosing parameters for quantum ghost imaging with type-I SPDC sources.