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IntechOpen eBooks

The Paradigm of Complex Probability and Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics: On the Foundation of Statistical Physics

Abdo Abou Jaoudé

Published Aug 19, 2021• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics and to prove as well in an original way an important property at the foundation of statistical physics.

DOI
10.5772/intechopen.98341

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The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics and to prove as well in an original way an important property at the foundation of statistical physics.
The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to the well-known Central Limit Theorem and to prove as well its convergence in a novel way.
The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C = R + M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. My innovative Complex Probability Paradigm (CPP) will be applied to the established theory of quantum mechanics in order to express it completely deterministically in the universe C = R + M.
The concept of mathematical probability was established in 1933 by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov by defining a system of five axioms. This system can be enhanced to encompass the imaginary numbers set after the addition of three novel axioms. As a result, any random experiment can be executed in the complex probabilities set C which is the sum of the real probabilities set R and the imaginary probabilities set M. We aim here to incorporate supplementary imaginary dimensions to the random experiment occurring in the “real” laboratory in R and therefore to compute all the probabilities in the sets R, M, and C. Accordingly, the probability in the whole set C=R+M is constantly equivalent to one independently of the distribution of the input random variable in R, and subsequently the output of the stochastic experiment in R can be determined absolutely in C. This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. We will apply this innovative paradigm to the well-known Monte Carlo techniques and to their random algorithms and procedures in a novel way.
The Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov's classical system of probability axioms can be extended to encompass the imaginary set of numbers and this by adding to his original five axioms an additional three axioms. Hence, any experiment can thus be executed in what is now the complex probability set 𝒞 which is the sum of the real set ℛ with its corresponding real probability and the imaginary set ℳ with its corresponding imaginary probability. The objective here is to evaluate the complex probabilities by considering supplementary new imaginary dimensions to the event occurring in the ‘real’ laboratory. Whatever the probability distribution of the input random variable in ℛ is, the corresponding probability in the whole set 𝒞 is always one, so the outcome of the random experiment in 𝒞 can be predicted totally and perfectly. The result indicates that chance and luck in ℛ is replaced now by total determinism in 𝒞 . This is the consequence of the fact that the probability in 𝒞 is got by subtracting the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the stochastic system. This novel complex probability paradigm will be applied to Ludwig Boltzmann's classical concept of entropy in thermodynamics and in statistical mechanics.
In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers and this by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set $\mathbcal{C} $ of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set $\mathbcal{R} $ of real probabilities and the set $\mathbcal{M} $ of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the ‘real’ laboratory in $\mathbcal{R} $ and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set $\mathbcal{C} $ = $\mathbcal{R} $ + $\mathbcal{M} $ is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in $\mathbcal{R} $ is, therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in $\mathbcal{C} $ can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in $\mathbcal{C} $ is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. This novel complex probability paradigm will be applied to the classical probabilistic Monte Carlo numerical methods and to prove as well the convergence of these stochastic procedures in an original way.
The set of imaginary numbers is taken into account by extending the probability system of five axioms of Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov which was put forward in 1933. This is achieved by adding three new and supplementary axioms. Hence, any random experiment can thus be performed in the extended complex probability set C = R + M which is the sum of the real set R of real probabilities and the imaginary set M of imaginary probabilities. The objective here is to determine the complex probabilities by encompassing and considering additional new imaginary dimensions to the event that occurs in the “real” laboratory. The outcome of the stochastic phenomenon in C can be foretold perfectly whatever the probability distribution of the input random variable in R is since the corresponding probability in the whole set C is permanently and constantly equal to one. Thus, the consequence that follows indicates that randomness and chance in R is substituted now by absolute determinism in C. This is the result of the fact that the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. This novel complex probability paradigm will be applied to a newly defined logic that I called “Dynamic Logic”.