In this thesis, we investigate mixtures of quantum degenerate Bose and Fermi gases of neutral atoms in threedimensional optical lattices. Feshbach resonances allow to control interspecies interactions in these systems precisely, by preparing suitable combinations of internal atomic states and applying external magnetic fields. This way, the system behaviour can be tuned continuously from mutual transparency to strongly interacting correlated phases, up to the stability boundary.rnThe starting point for these investigations is the spin-polarized \nfermionic band insulator. The properties of this non-interacting system are fully determined by the Pauli exclusion principle for the occupation of states in the lattice. A striking demonstration of the latter can be found in the antibunching of the density-density correlation of atoms released from the lattice. If bosonic atoms are added to this system, isolated heteronuclear molecules can be formed on the lattice sites via radio-frequency stimulation. The efficiency of this process hints at a modification of the atom number distribution over the lattice caused by interspecies interaction.rnIn the following, we investigate systems with tunable interspecies interaction. To this end, a method is developed which allows to assess the various contributions to the system Hamiltonian both qualitatively and quantitatively by following the quantum phase diffusion of the bosonic matter wave.rnBesides a modification of occupation number statistics, these measurements show a significant renormalization of the bosonic \nHubbard parameters. The final part of the thesis considers the implications of this renormalization effect on the many particle physics in the mixture. Here, we demonstrate how the quantum phase transition from a bosonic superfluid to a Mott insulator state is shifted towards considerably shallower lattices due to renormalization.
In this thesis, we investigate mixtures of quantum degenerate Bose and Fermi gases of neutral atoms in threedimensional optical lattices. Feshbach resonances allow to control interspecies interactions in these systems precisely, by preparing suitable combinations of internal atomic states and applying external magnetic fields. This way, the system behaviour can be tuned continuously from mutual transparency to strongly interacting correlated phases, up to the stability boundary.rnThe starting point for these investigations is the spin-polarized \nfermionic band insulator. The properties of this non-interacting system are fully determined by the Pauli exclusion principle for the occupation of states in the lattice. A striking demonstration of the latter can be found in the antibunching of the density-density correlation of atoms released from the lattice. If bosonic atoms are added to this system, isolated heteronuclear molecules can be formed on the lattice sites via radio-frequency stimulation. The efficiency of this process hints at a modification of the atom number distribution over the lattice caused by interspecies interaction.rnIn the following, we investigate systems with tunable interspecies interaction. To this end, a method is developed which allows to assess the various contributions to the system Hamiltonian both qualitatively and quantitatively by following the quantum phase diffusion of the bosonic matter wave.rnBesides a modification of occupation number statistics, these measurements show a significant renormalization of the bosonic \nHubbard parameters. The final part of the thesis considers the implications of this renormalization effect on the many particle physics in the mixture. Here, we demonstrate how the quantum phase transition from a bosonic superfluid to a Mott insulator state is shifted towards considerably shallower lattices due to renormalization.
We investigate the effect of interspecies interaction on a degenerate mixture of bosonic 87Rb and fermionic 40K atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice potential. Using a Feshbach resonance, the 87Rb-40K interaction is tuned over a wide range. Through an analysis of the 87Rb momentum distribution, we find a pronounced asymmetry between strong repulsion and strong attraction. In the latter case, we observe a marked shift in the superfluid to Mott insulator transition, which we attribute to a renormalization of the Bose-Hubbard parameters due to self-trapping.
An important new development in the field of ultracold atomic gases is the study of the properties of these gases in a so-called optical lattice. An optical lattice is a periodic trapping potential for the atoms that is formed by the interference pattern of a few laser beams. A reason for the interest in these systems is that the effects of the interatomic interactions can be strongly enhanced. More specifically, it has been shown in a beautiful experiment by Greiner et al. in 2002 that by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into an optical lattice it is possible for the system to undergo a quantum phase transition to a new quantum phase of matter, the so-called Mott insulator phase. Within this Mott insulator phase each lattice site is occupied by exactly one atom. This makes the Mott insulator phase especially well suited for applications in the field of quantum computation and quantum information processing. We have theoretically investigated the above mentioned quantum phase transition and our formalism allows for a description of the Mott insulator phase at nonzero temperatures. Another important experimental development in the field of ultracold atomic gases is the use of Feshbach resonances to control the interatomic interactions. Such a resonance occurs whenever two colliding atoms form a long-lived molecule for some time. The crucial point of a Feshbach resonance is that the above mentioned molecule has a magnetic moment that is not equal to twice the magnetic moment of the atom. As a consequence the energy difference between the two atoms and the molecule and hence the interactions between the atoms can be controlled by using an external magnetic field. By combining these two techniques, i.e, by trapping ultracold atomic gases in an optical lattice and by tuning a magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance there can be a new quantum phase transition between two superfluid phases. We gave derived the the theory for the description of these Feshbach resonances in optical lattices and applied it to various systems. To be a bit more precise, if we tune the external magnetic field such that the energy difference between a molecule and two atoms is sufficiently negative, then the gas consists of a Bose-Einstein condensate of molecules. In contrast, if the energy difference is large enough and positive we have a gas that consists primarily of a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms. It turns out that these two limits are separated by an Ising-like quantum phase transition. By using atomic Bose gases near a Feshbach resonance detailed experimental studies which test the theoretical predictions of the statistical and dynamical properties of these quantum phase transitions can be made.
Confinement of atoms by laser technology has opened up a new field of physics. Following the realization of Bose– Einstein condensation (BEC) of bosonic atoms, fermionic atom systems and even boson–fermion mixture systems were successfully trapped and cooled. Application of a periodic potential, so called optical lattice, could also unveil interesting nature of the atoms. One of the interesting phenomena of the atoms on optical lattice is Mott transition. Although there is a long history of the study on bosons or fermions on lattice, coexistence of bosons and fermions on lattice is a rather new topic to study. In particular, we have little knowledge about strongly-correlated bosons and fermions on lattice. In our previous works we performed numerical simulations of Bose–Fermi mixtures to clarify the phase diagram and the effect of the confinement potential. When the total number of bosonic and fermionic atoms per site takes an integer value and interatomic interactions are sufficiently strong, the system would undergo Mott transition where the local atom density is fixed to the integer value. A characteristic of this Mott insulating phase is that a boson and fermion located next to each other can exchange their positions by going through a virtual doubly-occupied state with the atom exchange energy t ’ tbtf=Ubf where tb and tf are the hopping energy of the bosons and fermions respectively and Ubf denotes the on-site interaction between the boson and the fermion. Although there still remain a number of open questions on the Mott state of Bose–Fermi mixtures, the property of superfluid state of the strongly-correlated bosons and fermions has yet to be revealed. In this short note we would like to focus on strongly-correlated Bose–Fermi mixtures at commensurate filling in a three-dimensional periodical potential and see characteristic behaviors, if any, of the superfluid phase close to the phase boundary to the Mott insulating phase. In the following analysis we assume uniformity of the system and thus neglect the possibility of the emergence of so-called supersolid where superfluidity and structural long-range order coexist. For simplicity we ignore all the internal degree of freedom of the atoms and the influence of the trap potential which in fact creates a nonuniform density profile of the bosons and fermions. For the system at commensurate filling on optical lattice, we assume that the interatomic interactions are weak enough to avoid formation of Mott state but strong enough to allow us to expect that there are only few empty or doublyoccupied sites and most sites are singly occupied. Namely we analyze the system that stays in a superfluid phase but lies close to the boundary to the Mott phase. Since a boson and fermion located next to each other can exchange their positions as stated above, the energy of the superfluid state of the mixture system is given mostly by the kinetic energy of the bosons and fermions exchanging their positions. We therefore express the Hamiltonian in the following form, ignoring the kinetic energy of the atoms at the empty sites and the interaction energy at the doubly-occupied sites:
Recent years have seen spectacular progress towards the realization of novel strongly correlated systems with homonuclear ultracold quantum gases. The strongly correlated regime has been demonstrated to be accessible both by means of strong, periodic confinement as demonstrated in experiments with optical lattices and through strong resonant interactions which can be produced by means of Feshbach resonances.
Given the impressive development seen in homonuclear systems, heteronuclear systems composed of particles with different quantum-statistical behavior (Fermi-Bose mixtures) offer an even wider spectrum of possibilities for quantum simulation and strongly correlated phases, in particular when loaded into an optical lattice and combined with the possibility of almost arbitrary interactions through Feshbach resonances.
In this thesis, experiments with Fermi-Bose mixtures in 3-dimensional optical lattices and under the influence of tunable heteronuclear interactions are presented. An experiment allowing for the creation of large mixtures of quantum degenerate fermionic 40K and bosonic 87Rb gases has been set up together with C. Ospelkaus. The onset of degeneracy in both components is demonstrated, and effects of the heteronuclear attractive background interaction are studied.
Heteronuclear Feshbach resonances have been used for the first time in order to change the interaction properties of the mixture in a controlled fashion. This has allowed the study of the complete phase diagram of harmonically trapped mixtures, ranging from stable attractively interacting mixtures over a Feshbach-driven controlled mean field collapse of the system for strong attractive interactions, the onset of phase separation for strong repulsive interactions to stable, repulsively interacting mixtures. The studies of Feshbach resonances have also led to the identification of the first p-wave heteronuclear resonance.
The periodic potential of an optical lattice is an ideal environment for simulation of quantum many-body Hamiltonians and systems of reduced dimensionality. Theoretical results for fermionic and bosonic atoms in optical lattices are presented, both in a single particle picture, highlighting the role of the external trapping potential, as well as in the interacting many-particle limit.
This thesis documents the first realization of a Fermi-Bose quantum many-body system in a 3D optical lattice. In these experiments, the effect of a small fermionic fraction on the coherence properties of the bosonic sample is investigated. Already a small fermionic impurity fraction strongly affects the coherence properties of the bosonic cloud. The quantitative analysis shows that in the presence of the fermionic component, decoherence of the bosonic ensemble occurs at much lower lattice depths than for a pure bosonic sample. The surprisingly large effect has triggered an intense discussion on possible explanations in terms of thermodynamic properties, mean field models and disorder-related localization scenarios.
Combining tunable interactions with 3-dimensional optical lattices, formation of heteronuclear Feshbach molecules in single wells of the lattice is demonstrated for the first time, along with a determination of the molecular binding energy and lifetime. By subsequent two-color photoassociation schemes, these (externally) ground state molecules may be transferred into their internal ground state where they exhibit a permanent electric dipole moment. This may result in the realization of novel quantum gases with anisotropic interactions.
Das Feld ultrakalter homonuklearer Quantengase wurde in den letzten Jahren durch fundamentale Fortschritte in der Realisierung stark korrelierter Systeme gepragt. Das Regime starker Korrelation wurde sowohl durch starke aussere Einschlusspotentiale in optischen Gittern als auch durch starke resonante Wechselwirkung an einer Feshbach-Resonanz erreicht.
Heteronukleare Systeme gemischter Quantenstatistik (Fermi-Bose Mischungen), kombiniert mit dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern und einstellbarer Wechselwirkung, eroffnen die Perspektive, fundamental neue Quantenphasen stark korrelierter Systeme zu realisieren und in einer extrem reinen und kontrollierbaren Umgebung zu studieren.
In dieser Arbeit wurde zusammen mit C. Ospelkaus ein Experiment zum Studium ultrakalter Fermi-Bose Mischungen aus 40K und 87Rb in dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern mit einstellbarer Wechselwirkung aufgebaut. Ausgehend von quantentarteten Mischungen groser Teilchenzahl wurden Effekte der attraktiven Hintergrundwechselwirkung zwischen den Konstituenten untersucht.
Die Durchstimmbarkeit der Wechselwirkung an einer heteronuklearen Feshbach-Resonanz wurde erstmalig demonstriert und die grundlegenden Phasen harmonisch gefangener Fermi-Bose Mischungen untersucht. Dies reicht von einem wechselwirkungsinduzierten Kollaps im Falle attraktiver Wechselwirkung uber stabile Mischungen attraktiver und repulsiver Wechselwirkung bis hin zur Phasenseparation im Falle starker repulsiver Wechselwirkung.
Periodische optische Potentiale bieten eine ideale Umgebung zur Simulation von Vielteilchen-Hamiltonoperatoren und niederdimensionalen Systemen. Grundlegende theoretische Ergebnisse fur fermionische und bosonische Systeme in optischen Gittern werden sowohl aus der Perspektive eines Einteilchenbildes als auch eines Vielteilchenbildes mit und ohne Wechselwirkung vorgestellt.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde erstmalig ein Vielteilchensystem gemischter Statistik in einem dreidimensionalen optischen Gitter realisiert. In ersten Experimenten wurden die Koharenzeigenschaften der bosonischen Komponente unter dem Einfluss der fermionischen Atome untersucht. Bereits eine kleine Beimischung fermionischer Atome beeinflusst die Koharenzeigenschaften der Bosonen signifikant und induziert einen Koharenzverlust in der bosonischen Wolke bei wesentlich flacheren Gittern als im rein bosonischen System. Die Ursache dieses erstaunlich grosen Effektes wird derzeitig kontrovers diskutiert. Als mogliche Ursachen werden thermodynamische Eigenschaften des Ladeprozesses der Mischung in das Gitter, eine Verschiebung des Ubergangs einer superfluiden in eine Mott-isolierende Phase unter dem Einfluss der heteronuklearen Wechselwirkung sowie unordnungsinduzierte Lokalisierungsphanomene diskutiert.
Schlieslich wird die erstmalige Erzeugung langlebiger heteronuklearer Feshbach-Molekule in einem optischen Gitter vorgestellt. In diesen Experimenten wird die Durchstimmbarkeit der Wechselwirkung an einer Feshbach Resonanz mit dreidimensionalen optischen Gittern kombiniert. Die Effizienz des Assoziationsprozesses wird charakterisiert und die Bindungsenergie und Lebensdauer der Molekule gemessen. Fur heteronukleare Molekule aus 40K und 87Rb wird ein permanentes elektrisches Dipolmoment in ihrem absoluten Grundzustand vorhergesagt. Diese heteronuklearen Molekule bieten daher weitreichende Perspektiven zum Studium von Quantengasen anisotroper dipolarer Wechselwirkung.
We show that off-site processes and multiorbital physics have a crucial impact on the phase diagram of quantum gas mixtures in optical lattices. In particular, we discuss Bose-Fermi mixtures where the intra- and interspecies interactions induce competing density-induced hopping processes, the so-called bond-charge interactions. Furthermore, higher bands strongly influence tunneling and on-site interactions. We apply a multiorbital interaction-induced dressing of the lowest band, which leads to renormalized hopping processes. These corrections give rise to an extended Hubbard model with intrinsically occupation-dependent parameters. The resulting decrease of the tunneling competes with a decrease of the total on-site interaction energy, both affecting the critical lattice depth of the superfluid to Mott-insulator transition. In contrast to the standard Bose-Fermi Hubbard model, we predict a large shift of the transition to shallower lattice depths with increasing Bose-Fermi attraction. The applied theoretical model allows an accurate prediction of the modified tunneling amplitudes and the critical lattice depth, both being recently observed experimentally.
In this thesis we investigate strongly correlated phenomena in the field of ultracold atomic gases. Chapter 2 addresses a question of the insulating phases of cold spin-one bosonic particles with antiferromagnetic interactions, such as 23 Na, in optical lattices. Magnetic properties of the ground state in the insulating regime are studied using various techniques. Chapter 3 considers a one dimensional interacting Bose-Fermi mixture with equal masses of bosons and fermions, and with equal repulsive interactions between Bose-Fermi and Bose-Bose particles. Properties of such mixture are studied using exact Bethe-ansatz techniques. Chapter 4 deals with certain phenomena which appear in the experiments with imbalanced fermionic mixtures in strongly anisotropic traps. Chapter 5 gives a comprehensive review of interference phenomena, analyzing effects which contribute to the reduction of the interference fringe contrast in matter interferometers. iii Contents