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Archives of Acoustics

'The method of the deformation operator] in quantum'', acoustics — a formulation of perturbation calculus

S. Piekarski

Published Jan 1, 1983• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This paper gives a formulation of perturbation calculus which is useful for the description of coherent states related to the propagation of ultrasonic waves in crystals. This formulation is based on the results of the theory of coherent states, particularly on the properties of the deformation operator. The method of the construction of the initial state, which is used in perturbation calculus, is verified through comparison with the results of the method of the quasi-equilibrium density matrix based on the use of information theory in statistical physics. The method of perturbation calculus which is presented in this paper describes the time dependence of the mean value of any physical quantity for a crystal which undergoes dynamic deformation. This method makes it possible to grasp the dependence of phenomena observed on the phase and amplitude of the initially excited acoustic wave.

Related papers

Semiclassical Methods of Deformation Quantisation in Transport Theory

M. I.

Among the equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and quantum theory, based on the Schrödinger wave equation, are the most technically advanced.Since the advent of quantum mechanics, these two schemes have provided the mathematical tools and the primary basis for the description of quantum phenomena.The path integral method developed by Dirac and Feynman has important advantages in the quantisation of gauge theories.We discuss here the formulation of quantum mechanics in phase space, known as deformation quantisation.Deformation quantisation uses the Wigner-Weyl association rule (Weyl, 1927(Weyl, , 1929(Weyl, , 1931;;Wigner, 1932) to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the functions in the phase space and the operators in the Hilbert space.Wigner's function appears as the Weyl symbol of the density matrix.A consistent dynamical description of the systems with the help of the Wigner function leads to deformation quantization.A useful formulation of the Wigner-Weyl association rule was proposed by Groenewold (1946) andStratonovich (1957).Groenewold introduced a non-commutative associative -product (star-product) of the functions in the phase space (Groenewold, 1946).The evolution of the quantum systems is determined by the antisymmetric part of the -product (Groenewold, 1946;Moyal, 1949), known as the Moyal bracket.The Moyal bracket represents the quantum deformation of the Poisson bracket.Deformation quantisation preserves many features of classical Hamiltonian dynamics.The formulation of deformation quantisation is based on the Wigner function and the Moyal bracket (i.e., the -product).The Wigner-Weyl association rule is necessary to prove the equivalence of deformation quantisation and the standard formalisms of quantum mechanics.Extensive literature has reported on the formulation of quantum mechanics in the phase space and the -product.We refer the reader to excellent reviews by Bayen et al. (1978a, 1978b), Carruthers & Zachariasen (1983), Balazs & Jennings (1984), Hillery et al. (1983), Karasev & Maslov (1991), and Osborn & Molzahn (1995), where one may find additional references.Wigner's function, as a fundamental object of deformation quantisation, has numerous applications in many-body physics, kinetic theory, collision theory, and quantum chemistry.Transport models, originally created to simulate chemical reactions, have been modified and are widely used to describe heavy-ion collisions.www.intechopen.comSome Applications of Quantum Mechanics 68 Deformation quantisation does not have many recognised successful applications in quantum theory.Recently, attempts have been made to use specific properties of the formalism to investigate semiclassical expansion (Osborn & Molzahn, 1995;McQuarrie et al., 1998) and to calculate the determinants of one-loop operators in field theory (Pletnev & Banin, 1999;Banin et al., 2001) and the high-order corrections to the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantisation rule (Gracia-Saz, 2004;Cargo et al., 2005).Potential applications of deformation quantisation in transport models are presented in this review.Transport models for heavy-ion physics are designed for phenomenological descriptions of the complex dynamics of nuclear collisions.Several types of advanced transport models are based on the Boltzmann-Uhlenbeck-Ueling equations (BUU) (Blaettel et al., 1993), (relativistic) quantum molecular dynamics (QMD/RQMD) (Sorge et al., 1989;Aichelin, 1991;Faessler, 1992), or antisymmetrised molecular dynamics (AQMD) (Feldmeier & Schnack, 1997).These approaches have the correct classical limit and they contain special plug-ins and quantum-mechanical attributes, such as Pauli blocking for binary collisions of fermions.Numerical solutions are implemented through the distribution of test particles (BUU) or centroids of wave packets (QMD, AQMD) for classical trajectories in the phase space.For AQMD, the wave packets are antisymmetrised in their parameters.The transport models provide a solid basis for a phenomenological description of a variety of complex nuclear collisions phenomena.However, quantum coherence effects and non-localities are beyond the scope of these models.The internal consistencies of the approximations in the models remain a subject of debate, promoting further developments (see, for example, papers by Kohler (1995) andFeldmeier &Schnack (1997) and references therein).The most striking feature of the transport models is the depiction of the trajectories in the phase space, which are test particles or centroids of wave packets.The evolution of the system of classical particles can be calculated using standard programs to solve first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs).At the same time, the evolution of wave functions of many-body systems is a field-theoretic problem with an infinite number of degrees of freedom that cannot be solved either analytically or numerically.Any simulation of many-body quantum dynamics must be based on a concept of trajectories, which is the only attribute allowing access to an approximate description of complex quantum systems.The concept of phase-space trajectories arises naturally in the formalism of deformation quantisation through the Wigner transformation of the operators of the canonical coordinates and momenta in the Heisenberg representation.These trajectories satisfy the quantum version of Hamilton's equations (Osborn & Molzahn, 1995;Krivoruchenko & Faessler, 2006b) and are the characteristics by which the time-dependent Weyl's symbols for the other operators can be determined (Krivoruchenko & Faessler, 2006b;Krivoruchenko et al., 2006c Krivoruchenko et al., , 2007)).In the classical limit, quantum characteristics reduce to classical trajectories.Knowledge of the quantum phase flow, i.e., the quantum trajectories, is equivalent to a complete knowledge of the quantum dynamics.In this chapter, we provide an introduction to deformation quantisation and demonstrate the usefulness of the formalism in solving the evolution problem for many-body systems in terms of semiclassical expansion.We show that, in any fixed order of expansion over the Planck's constant, the evolution problem can be reduced to a statistical-mechanics problem of calculating an ensemble of quantum characteristics in the phase space and their Jacobi fields.In comparison with the corresponding rules of classical statistical mechanics, the rules for computing the probabilities and time-dependent averages of observables are www.intechopen.com

InTech eBooks•Feb 22, 2012•0 citations

The Product-Integral Calculus Formulation in Quantum Mechanics

Ivan Kramer

In this paper we investigate the advantages of using the product-integral calculus rather than the usual successive approximation perturbative expansion in three branches of quantum physics. The mathematics of the calculus is fully developed, and its superiority over the perturbative expansion is explored in specific examples from physics. All of time-dependent perturbation theory in quantum mechanics can be written in terms of the calculus, as well as the most general solution for the density operator in quantum statistical mechanics.

American Journal of Physics•Sep 1, 1972•3 citations

Coherent states and stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics

A. Lonke

For physical systems with Hamiltonians analytic in the position and momentum operators the diagonal matrix elements of the density operator in the coherent state representation may be considered as a phase-space probability measure in the stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics. The correspondence rule relating quantum-mechanical observables to ordinary functions in phase space is obtained. It is shown that the dynamics of the time-dependent phase-space probability densities is again representable in the form of a stochastic process.

Journal of Mathematical Physics•May 1, 1978•7 citations

Quantum Theory of Fluctuations

H. Ekstein, N. Rostoker

An operator is constructed for the spectral density of a fluctuating dynamical variable. The formulation is based on an analysis of method of measurement. An essential feature of the operator is the replacement of classical dynamical variables by time-dependent Heisenberg operators. The expectation value of the spectral density includes fluctuations of statistical origin, as well as fluctuations of quantum mechanical origin. It can be computed for any physical system when the initial state has been specified. Two applications are given: Nyquist's law is rigorously deduced for a physical system that is similar to the one discussed by Callen and Welton, and the shot effect is calculated for free uncorrelated electrons. A quantum correction is obtained whose origin lies in the wavelike character of the electron.

Physical Review•Nov 15, 1955•22 citations

Time‐dependent density operator in the random impulse approximation: I. Connections with the “generalized sudden approximation” for photoionization and electron impact ionization; and II. Relevance to reduced density operators, particle–hole matrices, and propagators for the initial state

Everett G. Larson

Abstract A density operator analysis is made of the particle‐ejection (e.g., photoionization) problem in the “generalized sudden approximation” for the case in which the ejected particle is detected but its dynamical properties are not observed. It is shown that the resultant statistical density operator may be derived from that obtained in a particle‐conserving Hamiltonian‐evolution linear‐response model with a random impulse perturbation, and that the physical applicability of the latter model embraces the range of applicability of the former. The initial value of the statistical density operator for the above particle‐ejection problem is shown to be the N – (1)‐particle reduced density operator of the initial state; and the initial value of the statistical density operator for the excitations in the random impulse model is shown to be the N‐particle Hermitian operator whose matrix representation is the G matrix of Garrod and Percus. The significance of the eigenvalue spectrum of these operators to the excitation properties of the system is discussed, especially for the random impulse model, where a large eigenvalue of the G matrix can signal strong preferential excitation to its corresponding particle‐hole collective state, even for a random perturbation. Extensions of these ideas to excitations from states with a large eigenvalue of the two‐particle reduced density operator (e.g., superconducting states) are mentioned. The The applicability of these density matrices to the description of the excitation spectrum due to a well‐defined perturbation is discussed. The relationship of these time‐dependent density operators to the one‐particle propagator and the particle–hole propagator (polarization propagator) is established.

International Journal of Quantum Chemistry•Feb 1, 1983•1 citation

Closed-form intermediate representations of many-body propagators and resolvent matrices

J. Schirmer

A new type of ``intermediate'' state, \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Psi}${\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}}_{\mathit{J}}$〉, is introduced in the representation of many-body propagators and related resolvent matrix elements. A simple algebraic procedure is presented for constructing the unitary transformation matrix Q that relates the intermediate states and the exact energy eigenstates, \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\mathit{n}}$〉, of the interacting system. Here the starting point is the matrix X of generalized spectroscopic amplitudes 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\mathit{n}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}C${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{J}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{\mathit{N}}$〉, where C${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{J}}$ denotes a physical excitation operator and \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{\mathit{N}}$〉 is the N-electron ground state. A block QR decomposition [G. H. Golub and C. F. von Loan, MatrixB Computations (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1989)] of X according to the equation X=Q F allows one to determine explicit expressions for the subblocks of Q and the intermediate propagator representations constituted by a nondiagonal effective interaction matrix C and an effective spectroscopic matrix f. These effective quantities f and C are formulated entirely in terms of ground-state density-matrix elements and related energy expectation values. The relevance of the intermediate representations as a means for deriving computational schemes is based on the regularity and compactness of the perturbation expansions for the effective matrices f and C. These basic properties also establish that the intermediate representations are closed-form versions of the algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation schemes derived previously as a reformulation of the original diagrammatic propagator perturbation series. The intermediate representations represent a link between algebraic and diagrammatic approaches in the field of propagator methods and are expected to be useful also in the development of nonperturbative approximations.

Physical Review A•May 1, 1991•227 citations
This paper gives a formulation of perturbation calculus which is useful for the description of coherent states related to the propagation of ultrasonic waves in crystals. This formulation is based on the results of the theory of coherent states, particularly on the properties of the deformation operator. The method of the construction of the initial state, which is used in perturbation calculus, is verified through comparison with the results of the method of the quasi-equilibrium density matrix based on the use of information theory in statistical physics. The method of perturbation calculus which is presented in this paper describes the time dependence of the mean value of any physical quantity for a crystal which undergoes dynamic deformation. This method makes it possible to grasp the dependence of phenomena observed on the phase and amplitude of the initially excited acoustic wave.
Among the equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and quantum theory, based on the Schrödinger wave equation, are the most technically advanced.Since the advent of quantum mechanics, these two schemes have provided the mathematical tools and the primary basis for the description of quantum phenomena.The path integral method developed by Dirac and Feynman has important advantages in the quantisation of gauge theories.We discuss here the formulation of quantum mechanics in phase space, known as deformation quantisation.Deformation quantisation uses the Wigner-Weyl association rule (Weyl, 1927(Weyl, , 1929(Weyl, , 1931;;Wigner, 1932) to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the functions in the phase space and the operators in the Hilbert space.Wigner's function appears as the Weyl symbol of the density matrix.A consistent dynamical description of the systems with the help of the Wigner function leads to deformation quantization.A useful formulation of the Wigner-Weyl association rule was proposed by Groenewold (1946) andStratonovich (1957).Groenewold introduced a non-commutative associative -product (star-product) of the functions in the phase space (Groenewold, 1946).The evolution of the quantum systems is determined by the antisymmetric part of the -product (Groenewold, 1946;Moyal, 1949), known as the Moyal bracket.The Moyal bracket represents the quantum deformation of the Poisson bracket.Deformation quantisation preserves many features of classical Hamiltonian dynamics.The formulation of deformation quantisation is based on the Wigner function and the Moyal bracket (i.e., the -product).The Wigner-Weyl association rule is necessary to prove the equivalence of deformation quantisation and the standard formalisms of quantum mechanics.Extensive literature has reported on the formulation of quantum mechanics in the phase space and the -product.We refer the reader to excellent reviews by Bayen et al. (1978a, 1978b), Carruthers & Zachariasen (1983), Balazs & Jennings (1984), Hillery et al. (1983), Karasev & Maslov (1991), and Osborn & Molzahn (1995), where one may find additional references.Wigner's function, as a fundamental object of deformation quantisation, has numerous applications in many-body physics, kinetic theory, collision theory, and quantum chemistry.Transport models, originally created to simulate chemical reactions, have been modified and are widely used to describe heavy-ion collisions.www.intechopen.comSome Applications of Quantum Mechanics 68 Deformation quantisation does not have many recognised successful applications in quantum theory.Recently, attempts have been made to use specific properties of the formalism to investigate semiclassical expansion (Osborn & Molzahn, 1995;McQuarrie et al., 1998) and to calculate the determinants of one-loop operators in field theory (Pletnev & Banin, 1999;Banin et al., 2001) and the high-order corrections to the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantisation rule (Gracia-Saz, 2004;Cargo et al., 2005).Potential applications of deformation quantisation in transport models are presented in this review.Transport models for heavy-ion physics are designed for phenomenological descriptions of the complex dynamics of nuclear collisions.Several types of advanced transport models are based on the Boltzmann-Uhlenbeck-Ueling equations (BUU) (Blaettel et al., 1993), (relativistic) quantum molecular dynamics (QMD/RQMD) (Sorge et al., 1989;Aichelin, 1991;Faessler, 1992), or antisymmetrised molecular dynamics (AQMD) (Feldmeier & Schnack, 1997).These approaches have the correct classical limit and they contain special plug-ins and quantum-mechanical attributes, such as Pauli blocking for binary collisions of fermions.Numerical solutions are implemented through the distribution of test particles (BUU) or centroids of wave packets (QMD, AQMD) for classical trajectories in the phase space.For AQMD, the wave packets are antisymmetrised in their parameters.The transport models provide a solid basis for a phenomenological description of a variety of complex nuclear collisions phenomena.However, quantum coherence effects and non-localities are beyond the scope of these models.The internal consistencies of the approximations in the models remain a subject of debate, promoting further developments (see, for example, papers by Kohler (1995) andFeldmeier &Schnack (1997) and references therein).The most striking feature of the transport models is the depiction of the trajectories in the phase space, which are test particles or centroids of wave packets.The evolution of the system of classical particles can be calculated using standard programs to solve first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs).At the same time, the evolution of wave functions of many-body systems is a field-theoretic problem with an infinite number of degrees of freedom that cannot be solved either analytically or numerically.Any simulation of many-body quantum dynamics must be based on a concept of trajectories, which is the only attribute allowing access to an approximate description of complex quantum systems.The concept of phase-space trajectories arises naturally in the formalism of deformation quantisation through the Wigner transformation of the operators of the canonical coordinates and momenta in the Heisenberg representation.These trajectories satisfy the quantum version of Hamilton's equations (Osborn & Molzahn, 1995;Krivoruchenko & Faessler, 2006b) and are the characteristics by which the time-dependent Weyl's symbols for the other operators can be determined (Krivoruchenko & Faessler, 2006b;Krivoruchenko et al., 2006c Krivoruchenko et al., , 2007)).In the classical limit, quantum characteristics reduce to classical trajectories.Knowledge of the quantum phase flow, i.e., the quantum trajectories, is equivalent to a complete knowledge of the quantum dynamics.In this chapter, we provide an introduction to deformation quantisation and demonstrate the usefulness of the formalism in solving the evolution problem for many-body systems in terms of semiclassical expansion.We show that, in any fixed order of expansion over the Planck's constant, the evolution problem can be reduced to a statistical-mechanics problem of calculating an ensemble of quantum characteristics in the phase space and their Jacobi fields.In comparison with the corresponding rules of classical statistical mechanics, the rules for computing the probabilities and time-dependent averages of observables are www.intechopen.com
In this paper we investigate the advantages of using the product-integral calculus rather than the usual successive approximation perturbative expansion in three branches of quantum physics. The mathematics of the calculus is fully developed, and its superiority over the perturbative expansion is explored in specific examples from physics. All of time-dependent perturbation theory in quantum mechanics can be written in terms of the calculus, as well as the most general solution for the density operator in quantum statistical mechanics.
For physical systems with Hamiltonians analytic in the position and momentum operators the diagonal matrix elements of the density operator in the coherent state representation may be considered as a phase-space probability measure in the stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics. The correspondence rule relating quantum-mechanical observables to ordinary functions in phase space is obtained. It is shown that the dynamics of the time-dependent phase-space probability densities is again representable in the form of a stochastic process.
An operator is constructed for the spectral density of a fluctuating dynamical variable. The formulation is based on an analysis of method of measurement. An essential feature of the operator is the replacement of classical dynamical variables by time-dependent Heisenberg operators. The expectation value of the spectral density includes fluctuations of statistical origin, as well as fluctuations of quantum mechanical origin. It can be computed for any physical system when the initial state has been specified. Two applications are given: Nyquist's law is rigorously deduced for a physical system that is similar to the one discussed by Callen and Welton, and the shot effect is calculated for free uncorrelated electrons. A quantum correction is obtained whose origin lies in the wavelike character of the electron.
Abstract A density operator analysis is made of the particle‐ejection (e.g., photoionization) problem in the “generalized sudden approximation” for the case in which the ejected particle is detected but its dynamical properties are not observed. It is shown that the resultant statistical density operator may be derived from that obtained in a particle‐conserving Hamiltonian‐evolution linear‐response model with a random impulse perturbation, and that the physical applicability of the latter model embraces the range of applicability of the former. The initial value of the statistical density operator for the above particle‐ejection problem is shown to be the N – (1)‐particle reduced density operator of the initial state; and the initial value of the statistical density operator for the excitations in the random impulse model is shown to be the N‐particle Hermitian operator whose matrix representation is the G matrix of Garrod and Percus. The significance of the eigenvalue spectrum of these operators to the excitation properties of the system is discussed, especially for the random impulse model, where a large eigenvalue of the G matrix can signal strong preferential excitation to its corresponding particle‐hole collective state, even for a random perturbation. Extensions of these ideas to excitations from states with a large eigenvalue of the two‐particle reduced density operator (e.g., superconducting states) are mentioned. The The applicability of these density matrices to the description of the excitation spectrum due to a well‐defined perturbation is discussed. The relationship of these time‐dependent density operators to the one‐particle propagator and the particle–hole propagator (polarization propagator) is established.
A new type of ``intermediate'' state, \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Psi}${\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}}_{\mathit{J}}$〉, is introduced in the representation of many-body propagators and related resolvent matrix elements. A simple algebraic procedure is presented for constructing the unitary transformation matrix Q that relates the intermediate states and the exact energy eigenstates, \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\mathit{n}}$〉, of the interacting system. Here the starting point is the matrix X of generalized spectroscopic amplitudes 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\mathit{n}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}C${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{J}}$\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{\mathit{N}}$〉, where C${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{J}}$ denotes a physical excitation operator and \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{\mathit{N}}$〉 is the N-electron ground state. A block QR decomposition [G. H. Golub and C. F. von Loan, MatrixB Computations (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1989)] of X according to the equation X=Q F allows one to determine explicit expressions for the subblocks of Q and the intermediate propagator representations constituted by a nondiagonal effective interaction matrix C and an effective spectroscopic matrix f. These effective quantities f and C are formulated entirely in terms of ground-state density-matrix elements and related energy expectation values. The relevance of the intermediate representations as a means for deriving computational schemes is based on the regularity and compactness of the perturbation expansions for the effective matrices f and C. These basic properties also establish that the intermediate representations are closed-form versions of the algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation schemes derived previously as a reformulation of the original diagrammatic propagator perturbation series. The intermediate representations represent a link between algebraic and diagrammatic approaches in the field of propagator methods and are expected to be useful also in the development of nonperturbative approximations.