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Optics Communications

Attosecond-resolved photoelectron holography for triatomic molecule

Ningliang Liu, Chunyang Zhai, Qianguang Li, Yingbin Li, Benhai Yu

Published Aug 18, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127387

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Strong-field tunneling ionization is the initial step for various ultrafast dynamics in intense laser-atom and/or molecule interactions. Time-resolving tunneling ionization is of crucial importance for accurately understanding these ultrafast processes. In our previous work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 253203 (2018).], we proposed an attosecond photoelectron interferometer based on strong-field photoelectron holography to resolve the tunneling ionization. Here, we show more details about how the complex ionization time of tunneling is retrieved with our scheme. We demonstrate that the Coulomb interaction, which is a tedious and complex problem in dealing with photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization, can be safely canceled in our scheme. This is further confirmed by performing our scheme for both the model atoms with short-range and Coulomb potentials. Additionally, the validity and accuracy of our scheme are confirmed by its application in different targets and different laser parameters. Our scheme provides a reliable and versatile method to resolve the time information of strong-field tunneling ionization.
Abstract Coherent superposition of several electronic states in molecules induces attosecond charge migration. We theoretically demonstrate a way to observe this attosecond charge migration in the asymmetric molecule HeH 2+ using strong-field photoelectron holography, complementary to our previous work (He M et al 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 , 133204) where the charge migration in the symmetric molecule was monitored. We disentangle the holographic interference from other types of interference in the photoelectron momentum distribution with the Fourier frequency filter method. By employing the holographic fringes originating from the ground state of HeH 2+ as a reference, we develop a feasible approach to visualize the charge migration in the asymmetric molecule with attosecond temporal resolution.
We study the two-dimensional photoelectron momentum distribution in a synthesized field of an attosecond pulse and a weak infrared femtosecond pulse by solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation of He atoms. The photoelectron momentum spectra reveal fruitful interference structures. With a semiclassical model, we show that some of the photoelectron interference structures come from the interference between the direct and backward-scattering electron trajectories. Those backward-scattering electrons are freed by the attosecond pulse and then are hard rescattered with parent ions by the streaking infrared field. By changing the phase delay between the attosecond pulse and the infrared laser field, we find that two kinds of backward-scattering electron trajectories will contribute to the holographic pattern. We show that backward-scattering holography can be explored with attosecond streaking experiments.