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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Fiber Interferometers for Time-domain Quantum Optics

Benjamin MacLellan, Piotr Roztocki, Mehedi Islam, Christian Reimer, Bennet Fischer, Stefania Sciara, Robin Helsten, Y. Jestin, Alfonso Carmelo Cino, Sai T. Chu, Brent E. Little, David Moss, Michael Kues, Roberto Morandotti

Published Jan 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A novel method for stabilizing fiber interferometers based on frequency- and polarization-multiplexing enables unambiguous phase retrieval, long-term stability, and phase-independent performance. These capabilities allow for precise manipulation of time-bin quantum states in a low-complexity setup.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_at.2021.jtu3a.131

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Time is a practical and robust degree of freedom for the encoding of quantum information. Qubits encoded in so-called `time-bins', allowing a discrete superposition of two potential arrival times, have their entanglement preserved even over long propagation distances in standard fiber networks [1]. Time has also been used for the preparation of more complex quantum systems, such as hyper-entangled and cluster states [2]. These qualities put time-bin encoding at the center of applications ranging from quantum state preparation through to quantum communications and information processing. One of the hallmarks of the scheme is that a nonlinear element has to be pumped with phase-coherent double-pulses, which can be achieved by using unbalanced interferometers [1], making their phase stability the key determinant of both state generation and analysis accuracy. However, the phase ambiguity arising from the periodicity of feedback signals [3], as well as the difficulty of stabilizing on interference maxima/minima, leave progress to be made in fiberbased interferometry for time-bin encodings.
Abstract Well‐controlled yet practical systems that give access to interference effects are critical for established and new functionalities in ultrafast signal processing, quantum photonics, optical coherence characterization, etc. Optical fiber systems constitute a central platform for such technologies. However, harnessing optical interference in a versatile and stable manner remains technologically costly and challenging. Here, degrees of freedom native to optical fibers, i.e., polarization and frequency, are used to demonstrate an easily deployable technique for the retrieval and stabilization of the relative phase in fiber interferometric systems. The scheme gives access (without intricate device isolation) to <1.3 × 10−3 π rad error signal Allan deviation across 1 ms to 1.2 h integration times for all tested phases, ranging from 0 to 2π. More importantly, the phase‐independence of this stability is shown across the full 2π range, granting access to arbitrary phase settings, central for, e.g., performing quantum projection measurements and coherent pulse recombination. Furthermore, the scheme is characterized with attenuated optical reference signals and single‐photon detectors, and extended functionality is demonstrated through the use of pulsed reference signals (allowing time‐multiplexing of both main and reference signals). Finally, the scheme is used to demonstrate radiofrequency‐controlled interference of high‐dimensional time‐bin entangled states.
We demonstrate the use of three kinds of flexible digital servos for the stabilization of the optical fiber link, the interferometer temperature, and the polarization of the transmitted light at the remote site, respectively. The main fiber noise cancellation digital servo provides a large phase detection range (∼210π radians), automatic relock function, and low cycle-slip rate over a 62 km field-deployed fiber link achieved by utilizing a feedback optical actuator of an acousto-optic modulator fed by a voltage-controlled oscillator. The temperature control and polarization control digital servos enable that the temperature of the interferometer can be stabilized at a stability of 0.01 K and the data uptime is enhanced from 85.5% to 99.9% by implementing the polarization controller. The results demonstrate that the performance of the three digital servos is sufficient for high-precision optical frequency transfer applications and indicates comparable performance to existing analog optical frequency control systems. The full digital controlled optical frequency transfer method demonstrated here provides guidance for the development of a low-cost, low-complexity, and high-reliability optical frequency transfer system.