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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Quantum Information Hardware Based on Color Center Nanophotonics

Marina Radulaski, Victoria A. Norman, Sridhar Majety, Pranta Saha, Jesse Patton, Liang Li, Miranda Bell, Richard T. Scalettar

Published Jan 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Color centers integrated into nanophotonic devices offer functionalities applied in quantum communication, simulation and computation. We explore various regimes of single-emitter and multi-emitter cavity quantum electrodynamics for applications in quantum information hardware.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_si.2021.sw3b.7

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Optically active color centers in nanodiamonds offer unique opportunities for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. These mechanically, chemically, and optically robust emitters can be produced in mass quantities, deterministically manipulated, and integrated with a variety of quantum device geometries and photonic material platforms. Nanodiamonds with deeply sub-wavelength sizes coupled to nanophotonic structures feature a giant enhancement of light-matter interaction, promising high bitrates in quantum photonic systems. We review the recent advances in controlled techniques for synthesizing, selecting, and manipulating nanodiamond-based color centers for their integration with quantum nanophotonic devices.
Color centers are optically active point defects in semiconductor materials, many of them carrying a spin degree of freedom that couples coherently to emitted photons. This makes them a leading candidate for building quantum computers, networks, and sensors, but realizing that promise depends on the interface between the emitter and light. Color centers must be integrated into nanophotonic structures, such as nanopillars that collect their emission efficiently and optical cavities that couple them to a single mode. This dissertation studies the physics of quantum emitters inside such structures along two complementary threads: the direct cryogenic spectroscopy of color centers integrated into silicon carbide nanostructures, and the study of the physics of many-body cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) through simulation on superconducting and trapped-ion quantum hardware. The first thread concerns the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in 4H silicon carbide integrated into nanopillars. We show that the sub-wavelength geometry of a nanopillar reshapes the local electromagnetic environment, granting optical access to transitions that selection rules forbid in bulk material: emission from the PL3 divacancy, nearly absent in planar devices, becomes pronounced in nanopillars through a polarization transformation of the excitation field, and the orientation-dependent collection of the pillar resolves the previously ambiguous NV4′ line, establishing nanophotonic integration as a symmetry-sensitive probe of defect structure. We then take up the complementary problem of quantifying how many emitters a device contains, adapting the number-and-brightness technique from fluorescence microscopy to solid-state emitters. This calibration-free method counts dense NV ensembles in silicon carbide nanopillars, a regime beyond the reach of existing optical techniques, and extracts their areal density and formation yield. The second thread turns to many-body cavity QED, in which placing N emitters in a common cavity enhances the light-matter coupling by √N and gives rise to collective effects that are central to strong-coupling applications yet difficult to achieve in solid-state devices based on defects. We realize one such effect on a superconducting circuit, demonstrating photon blockade, the conversion of a coherent drive into a stream of single photons, in a Tavis–Cummings system of N = 1, 2, 3 transmon qubits coupled to a common resonator. To study the open-system dynamics that govern these systems, we digitally simulate the dissipative Tavis–Cummings model on both a superconducting and a trapped-ion processor. Platform-specific compilation and error mitigation yield population dynamics in close agreement with exact solutions, providing a recipe for simulating cavity-emitter systems on contemporary quantum computers. Together, the two threads connect the fabrication and characterization of color-center devices to the many-body cavity-QED physics that will ultimately govern their performance.
Optically active color centers in nanodiamonds offer unique opportunities for generating and manipulating quantum states of light. These mechanically, chemically, and optically robust emitters can be produced in mass quantities, deterministically manipulated, and integrated with a variety of quantum device geometries and photonic material platforms. Nanodiamonds with deeply sub-wavelength sizes coupled to nanophotonic structures feature a giant enhancement of light-matter interaction, promising high bitrates in quantum photonic systems. We review the recent advances in controlled techniques for synthesizing, selecting, and manipulating nanodiamond-based color centers for their integration with quantum nanophotonic devices.
Chapter 1 reviews recent advances towards the realization of quantum networks based on atom-like solid-state quantum emitters coupled to nanophotonic devices. Specifically, focus is on experiments involving the negatively charged silicon-vacancy color center in diamond. These emitters combine homogeneous, coherent optical transitions and a long-lived electronic spin quantum memory. Optical and spin properties of this system at cryogenic temperatures and experiments where silicon-vacancy centers are coupled to nanophotonic cavities are discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses experiments demonstrating quantum nonlinearities at the single-photon level and two-emitter entanglement in a single nanophotonic device.