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Toward Dissipative Quantum Mechanics

Roumen Tsekov

Published Feb 1, 2001• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A new approach to dissipative quantum mechanics is proposed. The irreversible processes occurring in an isothermic system are treated on the basis of statistical and linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The equilibrium probability density provided by the present theory coincides with the quantum canonical Gibbs distribution. In the classical limit the obtained kinetic equation reduces to a Markov theory result.

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A new approach to dissipative quantum mechanics is proposed. The irreversible processes occurring in an isothermic system are treated on the basis of statistical and linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The equilibrium probability density provided by the present theory coincides with the quantum canonical Gibbs distribution. In the classical limit the obtained kinetic equation reduces to a Markov theory result.
A new approach to quantum Markov processes is developed and the corresponding Fokker-Planck-like equation is derived. The latter was examined to reproduce known results from classical and quantum physics. It was also applied to the phase-space description of a mechanical system thus leading to a new treatment of this problem different from the Wigner presentation. The equilibrium probability density obtained in the mixed coordinate-momentum space is a reasonable extension of the Gibbs canonical distribution.
Through extended consideration of two wide classes of case studies -- dilute gases and linear systems -- I explore the ways in which assumptions of probability and irreversibility occur in contemporary statistical mechanics, where the latter is understood as primarily concerned with the derivation of quantitative higher-level equations of motion, and only derivatively with underpinning the equilibrium concept in thermodynamics. I argue that at least in this wide class of examples, (i) irreversibility is introduced through a reasonably well-defined initial-state condition which does not precisely map onto those in the extant philosophical literature; (ii) probability is explicitly required both in the foundations and in the predictions of the theory. I then consider the same examples, as well as the more general context, in the light of quantum mechanics, and demonstrate that while the analysis of irreversibility is largely unaffected by quantum considerations, the notion of statistical-mechanical probability is entirely reduced to quantum-mechanical probability.
A theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics is developed. The general method to derive the closed set of kinetic equations for expectation values of physical quantities is developed, by making use of the functional Taylor expansion with respect to expectation values of physical quantities around the reference state. For this purpose, a definition of the thermodynamic state in the system whose state changes with time is presented in order to describe the general state of the many-body system from the unified point of view. The statistical mechanical probability distribution functions for the quantum-mechanical expectation values at the stationary state are developed, without making use of the concept of the constant of the motion. The relation between the expectation value and the most probable value for the probability distribution function is discussed, and it is found that both values are equivalent to each other, if the system is extended infinitely in space and time. Thus the condition for the thermodynamic limit may be defined in a generalized way. Our method is looked as a perturbational one in the equilibrium statistical mechanics, though the choice of the reference state is arbitrary.
This article traces the development of fluctuation theory and its deep connection to irreversibility, from equilibrium to near-equilibrium, and finally to far-from-equilibrium systems. Classical fluctuation theorems, which capture the statistical behaviour of thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, are now well established. Their quantum counterparts, however, remain an active area of research. In this review, we highlight recent advances by linking quantum fluctuation theorems with linear response theory, offering new insights into the nature of quantum fluctuations and irreversibility in the near-equilibrium regime. Particular emphasis is placed on dissipated work in quantum systems as a pathway to observing non-classical effects in quantum thermodynamics. Understanding quantum fluctuations is not only essential for clarifying the foundations of irreversibility but also crucial for the development of novel quantum technologies, including quantum computers, sensors, and metrological devices.
A general quantum theory encompassing Mechanics, Thermodynamics and irreversible dynamics is presented in two parts. The first part is concerned exclusively with the description of the states of any individual physical system. It is based on a new nonlinear quantum equation of motion, which reduces to the Schroedinger equation of motion of motion of conventional quantum dynamics only under special conditions. It accounts for the implications of the laws of Thermodynamics as well as for irreversible phenomena, such as the natural tendency of an isolated system to transit from any non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state of higher entropy. Conversely, the laws of Thermodynamics and irreversibility emerge as manifestations of the fundamental quantum dynamical behaviour of the elementary constituents of any material system. We call this part Quantum Thermodynamics. The second part of the theory, which contains the first as a special case, is concerned with the description of stochastic distributions of states in an ensemble of identical physical systems each of which individually obeys the laws of Quantum Thermodynamics. It is based on a new measure-theoretic description of ensembles. It accounts unambiguously for the essential distinction between two types of uncertainties that are generally present in an ensemble, namely, quantal uncertainties due to the inherent quantal nature of the states of each individual member system and nonquantal uncertainties due to the stochastic distribution of states. We call this part Quantum Statistical Thermodynamics.