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Suitability of solid-state platforms as sources of $N$-photon bundles

M. Cosacchi, Adam Mielnik-Pyszczorski, Tim Seidelmann, Moritz Cygorek, Alexei Vagov, Doris E. Reiter, V. M. Axt

Published Aug 9, 2021• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

$N$-photon bundles constitute a class of highly nonclassical quantum states of light. They are a specific type of photon emission, where light quanta are released from a cavity only in groups of $N$ particles with a characteristic photon number statistics that may be taken as their fingerprint. We consider two solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems in terms of their suitability as emitters of $N$-photon bundles. As one example, we consider a semiconductor quantum-dot--microcavity system coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. There, we find the environmental influence to be detrimental to the emission of $N$-photon bundles. The other example is a superconducting qubit inside a microwave resonator. In these systems, pure dephasing is not important and an experimentally feasible parameter regime is found, where bundle emission can be observed.

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NNN-photon bundle statistics in different solid-state platforms

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The term $N$-photon bundles has been coined for a specific type of photon emission, where light quanta are released from a cavity only in groups of $N$ particles. This emission leaves a characteristic number distribution of the cavity photons that may be taken as one of their fingerprints. We study this characteristic $N$-photon bundle statistics considering two solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems. As one example, we consider a semiconductor quantum-dot--microcavity system coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. There, we find the environmental influence to be detrimental to the bundle statistics. The other example is a superconducting qubit inside a microwave resonator. In these systems, pure dephasing is not important and an experimentally feasible parameter regime is found, where the bundle statistics prevails.

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Solid-state cavity quantum-electrodynamics (QED) has great potential owing to advances such as coupled systems combining a nanocavity and a quantum dot (QD). These systems involve two photon-emission mechanisms: the Purcell effect in the weak coupling regime and vacuum Rabi-splitting in the strong coupling regime. In this paper, we describe a third emission mechanism based on the quantum anti-Zeno effect (AZE) induced by the pure-dephasing in a QD. This is significantly enhanced by the inherent characteristics of the nanocavity. This mechanism explains the origin of strong photon emission at a cavity mode largely detuned from a QD, previously considered a counterintuitive, prima facie non-energy-conserving, light-emission phenomenon. These findings could help in controlling the decay and emission characteristics of solid-state cavity QED, and developing solid-state quantum devices.

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Suitability of solid-state platforms as sources of NNN-photon bundles
NNN-photon bundles constitute a class of highly nonclassical quantum states of light. They are a specific type of photon emission, where light quanta are released from a cavity only in groups of NNN particles with a characteristic photon number statistics that may be taken as their fingerprint. We consider two solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems in terms of their suitability as emitters of NNN-photon bundles. As one example, we consider a semiconductor quantum-dot--microcavity system coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. There, we find the environmental influence to be detrimental to the emission of NNN-photon bundles. The other example is a superconducting qubit inside a microwave resonator. In these systems, pure dephasing is not important and an experimentally feasible parameter regime is found, where bundle emission can be observed.
The term NNN-photon bundles has been coined for a specific type of photon emission, where light quanta are released from a cavity only in groups of NNN particles. This emission leaves a characteristic number distribution of the cavity photons that may be taken as one of their fingerprints. We study this characteristic NNN-photon bundle statistics considering two solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems. As one example, we consider a semiconductor quantum-dot--microcavity system coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. There, we find the environmental influence to be detrimental to the bundle statistics. The other example is a superconducting qubit inside a microwave resonator. In these systems, pure dephasing is not important and an experimentally feasible parameter regime is found, where the bundle statistics prevails.
The term NNN-photon bundles has been coined for a specific type of photon emission, where light quanta are released from a cavity only in groups of NNN particles. This emission leaves a characteristic number distribution of the cavity photons that may be taken as one of their fingerprints. We study this characteristic NNN-photon bundle statistics considering two solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems. As one example, we consider a semiconductor quantum-dot--microcavity system coupled to longitudinal acoustic phonons. There, we find the environmental influence to be detrimental to the bundle statistics. The other example is a superconducting qubit inside a microwave resonator. In these systems, pure dephasing is not important and an experimentally feasible parameter regime is found, where the bundle statistics prevails.
Solid-state emitters are excellent candidates for developing integrated sources of single photons. Yet, phonons degrade the photon indistinguishability both through pure dephasing of the zero-phonon line and through phonon-assisted emission. Here, we study theoretically and experimentally the indistinguishability of photons emitted by a semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity as a function of temperature. We show that a large coupling to a high quality factor cavity can simultaneously reduce the effect of both phonon-induced sources of decoherence. It first limits the effect of pure dephasing on the zero-phonon line with indistinguishabilities above 97% up to 18 K. Moreover, it efficiently redirects the phonon sidebands into the zero-phonon line and brings the indistinguishability of the full emission spectrum from 87% (24%) without cavity effect to more than 99% (76%) at 0K (20K). We provide guidelines for optimal cavity designs that further minimize the phonon-induced decoherence.
In this paper, exciting progress of quantum optics in solid state is reviewed. The focus is on semiconductor microcavities with self-assembled quantum dots embedded in the active layer. Due to enormous progress in semiconductor nanotechnology, such photonic structures have become a model system for the study of quantum optics on a scalable and integrable technology platform with high potential for future applications in quantum information technology. Quantum optical phenomena have become accessible due to 3-D confinement of light and matter on the length scale of their wavelength in state-of-the-art semiconductor micro- and nanostructures. This confinement leads to a quantization of the associated photonic and electronic energy levels and requires a quantum mechanical description of the system in the framework of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). This approach considers the dipole interaction between two-level quantum emitters and discrete photonic states of a microcavity. Within the well-known Jaynes-Cummings model, the dipole interaction is described in terms of a coherent exchange of energy between the emitter and the resonator mode. This coherent interaction in the so-called strong coupling regime of cQED is reflected in a normal mode splitting, the vacuum Rabi splitting, of the involved modes and represents a central feature of quantum optics in solid state. Another important example of quantum optics in semiconductor nanostructures is the generation of nonclassical light in specific quantum devices. Of particular interest is the realization of Fock states which represent states containing a well-defined number of photons. Single-photon sources, for instance, allow for the generation of single photons on demand, which is highly desirable for quantum communication systems. In this context, this review paper will present recent experimental studies of quantum optics in solid state. This paper is meant for readers who would like to become familiar with this topic and for experts being interested in the progress in this field. It will cover a broad range of studies ranging from examples of fundamental light-matter interaction in the quantum limit to devices capable of emitting single photons and entangled photon pairs on demand.
One aspect of solid-state photonic devices that distinguishes them from their atomic counterparts is the unavoidable interaction between system excitations and lattice vibrations of the host material. This coupling may lead to surprising departures in emission properties between solid-state and atomic systems. Here we predict a striking and important example of such an effect. We show that in solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamics, interactions with the host vibrational environment can generate quantum cavity-emitter correlations in regimes that are semiclassical for atomic systems. This behaviour, which can be probed experimentally through the cavity emission properties, heralds a failure of the semiclassical approach in the solid-state, and challenges the notion that coupling to a thermal bath supports a more classical description of the system. Furthermore, it does not rely on the spectral details of the host environment under consideration and is robust to changes in temperature. It should thus be of relevance to a wide variety of photonic devices.
Solid-state cavity quantum-electrodynamics (QED) has great potential owing to advances such as coupled systems combining a nanocavity and a quantum dot (QD). These systems involve two photon-emission mechanisms: the Purcell effect in the weak coupling regime and vacuum Rabi-splitting in the strong coupling regime. In this paper, we describe a third emission mechanism based on the quantum anti-Zeno effect (AZE) induced by the pure-dephasing in a QD. This is significantly enhanced by the inherent characteristics of the nanocavity. This mechanism explains the origin of strong photon emission at a cavity mode largely detuned from a QD, previously considered a counterintuitive, prima facie non-energy-conserving, light-emission phenomenon. These findings could help in controlling the decay and emission characteristics of solid-state cavity QED, and developing solid-state quantum devices.