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APL Photonics

Silicon photonic quantum computing with spin qubits

Xiruo Yan, Sebastian Gitt, Becky Lin, Donald M. Witt, Mahssa Abdolahi, Abdelrahman E. Afifi, Adan Azem, Adam Darcie, Jingda Wu, Kashif M. Awan, Matthew Mitchell, Andreas Theo Pfenning, Lukas Chrostowski, Jeff F. Young

Published Jul 1, 2021• 50 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Universal quantum computing holds the promise to fundamentally change today’s information-based society, yet a hardware platform that will provide a clear path to fault-tolerant quantum computing remains elusive. One recently proposed platform involves the use of circuit-bound photons to build cluster states and perform one-way measurement-based quantum computations on arrays of long-coherence-time solid-state spin qubits. Herein, we discuss the challenges that are faced during any practical implementation of this architecture by itemizing the key physical building blocks and the constraints imposed on the spin qubits and the photonic circuit components by the requirements of fault-tolerant performance. These considerations point to silicon as a leading candidate to host such a platform, and a roadmap for developing a silicon photonic circuit-based platform for measurement-based, fault-tolerant universal quantum computing is offered.

DOI
10.1063/5.0049372

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Universal quantum computing holds the promise to fundamentally change today’s information-based society, yet a hardware platform that will provide a clear path to fault-tolerant quantum computing remains elusive. One recently proposed platform involves the use of circuit-bound photons to build cluster states and perform one-way measurement-based quantum computations on arrays of long-coherence-time solid-state spin qubits. Herein, we discuss the challenges that are faced during any practical implementation of this architecture by itemizing the key physical building blocks and the constraints imposed on the spin qubits and the photonic circuit components by the requirements of fault-tolerant performance. These considerations point to silicon as a leading candidate to host such a platform, and a roadmap for developing a silicon photonic circuit-based platform for measurement-based, fault-tolerant universal quantum computing is offered.
We recently proposed a quantum computing platform that exploits circuit-bound photons to create cluster states and achieve one-way measurement-based quantum computations on arrays of photonically interfaced solid-state spin qubits with long coherence-times. Single photons are used for spin initialization, readout and for photon-mediated long-range entanglement creation. In this conference talk, we elaborate on the challenges that are faced during any practical implementation of this architecture by breaking it down into the key physical building blocks. We further discuss the constraints imposed on the spin qubits and the photonic circuit components that are set by the requirements of achieving fault-tolerant performance.
Abstract A comprehensive circuit architecture and a protocol for realizing 3D cluster states through photonic‐measurement‐based donor‐spin‐qubit entanglement and readout are described. The basic building blocks and protocol are chosen to be compatible with a fully integrated photonic circuit implementation, using Se+ as the photonically coupled matter qubit. The basic operational building blocks of this universal quantum computing machine are local measurements and unitaries, plus an entangling measurement of non‐local Pauli operators. By analyzing several sources of error, a theoretical fault‐tolerant threshold value is estimated on the order of 1%. Considering the literature where required components have already been realized in integrated silicon circuits, albeit not all on the same chip, this suggests the threshold is within reach.
Photonic quantum computing is one of the leading approaches to universal quantum computation. However, large-scale implementation of photonic quantum computing has been hindered by its intrinsic difficulties, such as probabilistic entangling gates for photonic qubits and lack of scalable ways to build photonic circuits. Here, we discuss how to overcome these limitations by taking advantage of two key ideas which have recently emerged. One is a hybrid qubit-continuous variable approach for realizing a deterministic universal gate set for photonic qubits. The other is the time-domain multiplexing technique to perform arbitrarily large-scale quantum computing without changing the configuration of photonic circuits. These ideas together will enable scalable implementation of universal photonic quantum computers in which hardware-efficient error correcting codes can be incorporated. Furthermore, all-optical implementation of such systems can increase the operational bandwidth beyond terahertz in principle, ultimately enabling large-scale fault-tolerant universal quantum computers with ultrahigh operation frequency.
General purpose quantum computers will utilize millions of physical qubits, thus requiring an underlying qubit technology that can be manufactured at scale. Integrated silicon photonics is an intrinsically scalable and manufacturable platform where all necessary gates are available to manipulate qubits, encoded in photons, with very high fidelity and low noise. In this talk, we will discuss architectures for fault-tolerant quantum computing with photonics in the newly-introduced fusion-based quantum computing paradigm. Fusion-based quantum computing presents a new framework for fault-tolerant quantum computation, focused on the efficient integration of quantum error correction and physical-level hardware operations. Its primitives, small entangled resource states and projective entangling gates, make it particularly useful in an integrated photonics platform, offering significant architectural simplifications and reducing requirements on physical level operations.
We review current status, prospects and challenges facing the realization of quantum processors based on silicon quantum dots. This platform represents an attractive pathway to full-scale quantum computing because of the long spin qubit coherence times available in silicon and its compatibility with CMOS manufacturing. Current benchmarks for qubit fidelity are discussed and processor architecture options presented. Key aspects determining the prospects for scaling to the millions of qubits required for fault-tolerant quantum computing are considered, including wiring overheads, quantum interconnects and processor operation temperature.
Recent advances in quantum error correction codes for fault-tolerant quantum computing and physical realizations of high-fidelity qubits in multiple platforms give promise for the construction of a quantum computer based on millions of interacting qubits. However, the classical-quantum interface remains a nascent field of exploration. Here, we propose an architecture for a silicon-based quantum computer processor based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. We show how a transistor-based control circuit together with charge-storage electrodes can be used to operate a dense and scalable two-dimensional qubit system. The qubits are defined by the spin state of a single electron confined in quantum dots, coupled via exchange interactions, controlled using a microwave cavity, and measured via gate-based dispersive readout. We implement a spin qubit surface code, showing the prospects for universal quantum computation. We discuss the challenges and focus areas that need to be addressed, providing a path for large-scale quantum computing.