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Non-Abelian braiding of Majorana-like edge states and quantum gates in electric circuits

Motohiko Ezawa

Published Jul 16, 2019• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Majorana fermions subject to the non-Abelian braid group are believed to be the basic ingredients of future topological quantum computations. In this work, we propose to simulate Majorana fermions of the Kitaev model in electric circuits. We generate an arbitral number of segments in a Kitaev chain which are in the topological phase. A pair of Majorana-like edge states emerge at the edges of a topological sector, which is observed by impedance peaks. When the Kitaev chain contains $N$ topological sectors, the degeneracy of the zero-admittance states is $2^{N}$. A set of AC voltages along the chain plays a role of the wave function. An \textit{LC} resonator attached to each Majorana-like edge state registers the phase and the absolute value of the voltage. One qubit consists of the in-phase and opposite-phase states made of two \textit{LC} resonators installed in one topological sector. It is possible to braid any pair of neighboring edge states with the aid of T-junction geometry. By calculating the Berry phase acquired by their eigenfunctions, the braiding is shown to generate one-qubit and two-qubit unitary operations. We explicitly construct Clifford quantum gates based on them. The present scheme may simulate topological quantum computations based on electric circuits.

Related papers

Non-Abelian braiding of Majorana-like edge states and topological quantum computations in electric circuits

Motohiko Ezawa

Majorana fermions subject to the non-Abelian braid group are believed to be the basic ingredients of future topological quantum computations. In this work, we propose to simulate Majorana fermions of the Kitaev model in electric circuits based on the observation that the circuit Laplacian can be made identical to the Hamiltonian. A set of AC voltages along the chain plays the role of the wave function. We generate an arbitral number of topological segments in a Kitaev chain. A pair of topological edge states emerge at the edges of a topological segment. Its wave function is observable by the position and the phase of a peak in impedance measurement. It is possible to braid any pair of neighboring edge states with the aid of T-junction geometry. By calculating the Berry phase acquired by their eigenfunctions, the braiding is shown to generate one-qubit and two-qubit unitary operations. We explicitly construct Clifford quantum gates based on them. We also present an operator formalism by regarding a topological edge state as a topological soliton intertwining the trivial segment and the topological segment. Our analysis shows that the electric-circuit approach can simulate the Majorana-fermion approach to topological quantum computations.

arXiv:1907.06911•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Aug 11, 2020•38 citations

Simulated non-Abelian statistics of Majorana zero modes from a Kitaev lattice

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We simulate the non-Abelian exchange of Majorana zero modes (MZMs) on a quantum computer. Rather than utilizing MZMs at the boundaries of quantum Ising chains, which are typically represented as nonlocal operators on a quantum computer, using a Kitaev lattice allows us to exploit a local representation of MZMs. We detail the protocol for braiding two and four MZMs in terms of a spin Hamiltonian, i.e. physical qubit Hamiltonian. Projecting this onto a subspace of states, we extract an effective Hamiltonian which drives a non-Abelian Berry phase. Using several approximations, we construct a set of gates which mimics this accumulation of non-Abelian phase and process this construction on a quantum computer. For two and four MZMs, we realize braiding fidelities of approximately 85 and 47%, respectively.

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Emulating Quantum Teleportation of a Majorana Zero Mode Qubit

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Topological quantum computation based on anyons is a promising approach to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing. The Majorana zero modes in the Kitaev chain are an example of non-Abelian anyons where braiding operations can be used to perform quantum gates. Here we perform a quantum simulation of topological quantum computing, by teleporting a qubit encoded in the Majorana zero modes of a Kitaev chain. The quantum simulation is performed by mapping the Kitaev chain to its equivalent spin version and realizing the ground states in a superconducting quantum processor. The teleportation transfers the quantum state encoded in the spin-mapped version of the Majorana zero mode states between two Kitaev chains. The teleportation circuit is realized using only braiding operations and can be achieved despite being restricted to Clifford gates for the Ising anyons. The Majorana encoding is a quantum error detecting code for phase-flip errors, which is used to improve the average fidelity of the teleportation for six distinct states from 70.76±0.35% to 84.60±0.11%, well beyond the classical bound in either case.

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Nonadiabatic braiding of Majorana modes

Fei Yu, P. Z. Zhao, Jiangbin Gong

The realization and manipulation of Majorana zero modes have drawn significant attention for their crucial role in enabling topological quantum computation. Conventional approaches to the braiding of Majorana zero modes rely on adiabatic processes. In this work, using a composite 2-Kitaev-chain system accommodating Majorana zero modes as a working example, we propose a nonadiabatic and non-Abelian geometry phase-based protocol to execute operations on these Majorana zero modes. This is possible by locally coupling the edge sites of both quantum chains with an embedded lattice defect, successfully simulating the braiding operation of two Majorana modes in a highly nonadiabatic fashion. To further enhance the robustness against control imperfections, we apply a multiple-pulse composite strategy to our quantum chain setting for second-order protection of the braiding operations. Our proposal can also support the fast and robust realization of the $\ensuremath{\pi}/8$ gate, an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. This work hence offers a potential pathway toward the nonadiabatic and fault-tolerant control of Majorana zero modes.

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Majorana 1: Topological Qubits, Thin Evidence, Kitaev Chain Math — E8 Intelligence Research

Andrew Stewart Caldin

FINDING: Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip claims topological qubits using Majorana zero modes, but the public evidence remains thin; the core math is braiding non-Abelian anyons in a Kitaev chain lattice. | MATH: Topological qubit = braid group B_n acting on degenerate ground state manifold of a p-wave superconductor; Majorana operators γ_i satisfy {γ_i, γ_j}=2δ_ij, γ_i†=γ_i. The Kitaev chain Hamiltonian: H = -μ Σ n_i - t Σ (c_i†c_{i+1}+h.c.) + Δ Σ (c_i c_{i+1}+h.c.) — with Δ=t, μ=0 gives unpaired Majorana modes at ends. Braiding yields unitary transformations: B_ij = exp(π/4 γ_i γ_j), giving phase factors e^{±iπ/4} — not the golden ratio, but the π/4 is a root-of-unity phase (8th root). | CONNECTION: The braid group B_n is deeply tied to the symmetric group S_n and the Temperley-Lieb algebra, whose Jones polynomial at q=e^{iπ/4} (or q=e^{2πi/5} for Fibonacci anyons) links to 1.618. However, Majorana braiding gives only Clifford gates (π/4 phases), NOT universal quantum computation — Fibona Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com

•Sep 8, 2026•0 citations

Majorana 1: Topological Qubits via Non-Abelian Braiding, Evidence Contested — E8 Intelligence Research

Andrew Stewart Caldin

FINDING: Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip claims topological qubits via Majorana zero modes, but peer-reviewed evidence remains contested; core math is non-Abelian anyon braiding. | MATH: Topological qubit = ground-state degeneracy of a 1D p-wave superconductor (Kitaev chain): H = -μ Σ n_j - t Σ (c†_j c_{j+1} + h.c.) + Δ Σ (c_j c_{j+1} + h.c.). Majorana operators γ_j = c_j + c†_j, γ_{j+2} = i(c_{j+1} - c†_{j+1}); braiding yields unitary transformations on degenerate space — non-Abelian statistics encoded in the braid group B_n, with Fibonacci anyons giving dense quantum gates. | CONNECTION: Majorana zero modes are tied to Ising anyons — their fusion rules (σ × σ = 1 + ψ) mirror the golden ratio structure: quantum dimension d_σ = √2, but Fibonacci anyons (d_τ = φ = 1.618) are the universal gate set. The braid group B_n is generated by exchanges σ_i satisfying σ_i σ_{i+1} σ_i = σ_{i+1} σ_i σ_{i+1} — a relation isomorphic to the Yang-Baxter equation, which itself appears in 2D crystallographic Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com

•Sep 24, 2026•0 citations
Majorana fermions subject to the non-Abelian braid group are believed to be
the basic ingredients of future topological quantum computations. In this work,
we propose to simulate Majorana fermions of the Kitaev model in electric
circuits. We generate an arbitral number of segments in a Kitaev chain which
are in the topological phase. A pair of Majorana-like edge states emerge at the
edges of a topological sector, which is observed by impedance peaks. When the
Kitaev chain contains NNN topological sectors, the degeneracy of the
zero-admittance states is 2N2^{N}2N. A set of AC voltages along the chain plays a
role of the wave function. An \textit{LC} resonator attached to each
Majorana-like edge state registers the phase and the absolute value of the
voltage. One qubit consists of the in-phase and opposite-phase states made of
two \textit{LC} resonators installed in one topological sector. It is possible
to braid any pair of neighboring edge states with the aid of T-junction
geometry. By calculating the Berry phase acquired by their eigenfunctions, the
braiding is shown to generate one-qubit and two-qubit unitary operations. We
explicitly construct Clifford quantum gates based on them. The present scheme
may simulate topological quantum computations based on electric circuits.
Majorana fermions subject to the non-Abelian braid group are believed to be the basic ingredients of future topological quantum computations. In this work, we propose to simulate Majorana fermions of the Kitaev model in electric circuits based on the observation that the circuit Laplacian can be made identical to the Hamiltonian. A set of AC voltages along the chain plays the role of the wave function. We generate an arbitral number of topological segments in a Kitaev chain. A pair of topological edge states emerge at the edges of a topological segment. Its wave function is observable by the position and the phase of a peak in impedance measurement. It is possible to braid any pair of neighboring edge states with the aid of T-junction geometry. By calculating the Berry phase acquired by their eigenfunctions, the braiding is shown to generate one-qubit and two-qubit unitary operations. We explicitly construct Clifford quantum gates based on them. We also present an operator formalism by regarding a topological edge state as a topological soliton intertwining the trivial segment and the topological segment. Our analysis shows that the electric-circuit approach can simulate the Majorana-fermion approach to topological quantum computations.
We simulate the non-Abelian exchange of Majorana zero modes (MZMs) on a quantum computer. Rather than utilizing MZMs at the boundaries of quantum Ising chains, which are typically represented as nonlocal operators on a quantum computer, using a Kitaev lattice allows us to exploit a local representation of MZMs. We detail the protocol for braiding two and four MZMs in terms of a spin Hamiltonian, i.e. physical qubit Hamiltonian. Projecting this onto a subspace of states, we extract an effective Hamiltonian which drives a non-Abelian Berry phase. Using several approximations, we construct a set of gates which mimics this accumulation of non-Abelian phase and process this construction on a quantum computer. For two and four MZMs, we realize braiding fidelities of approximately 85 and 47%, respectively.
Topological quantum computation based on anyons is a promising approach to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing. The Majorana zero modes in the Kitaev chain are an example of non-Abelian anyons where braiding operations can be used to perform quantum gates. Here we perform a quantum simulation of topological quantum computing, by teleporting a qubit encoded in the Majorana zero modes of a Kitaev chain. The quantum simulation is performed by mapping the Kitaev chain to its equivalent spin version and realizing the ground states in a superconducting quantum processor. The teleportation transfers the quantum state encoded in the spin-mapped version of the Majorana zero mode states between two Kitaev chains. The teleportation circuit is realized using only braiding operations and can be achieved despite being restricted to Clifford gates for the Ising anyons. The Majorana encoding is a quantum error detecting code for phase-flip errors, which is used to improve the average fidelity of the teleportation for six distinct states from 70.76±0.35% to 84.60±0.11%, well beyond the classical bound in either case.
The realization and manipulation of Majorana zero modes have drawn significant attention for their crucial role in enabling topological quantum computation. Conventional approaches to the braiding of Majorana zero modes rely on adiabatic processes. In this work, using a composite 2-Kitaev-chain system accommodating Majorana zero modes as a working example, we propose a nonadiabatic and non-Abelian geometry phase-based protocol to execute operations on these Majorana zero modes. This is possible by locally coupling the edge sites of both quantum chains with an embedded lattice defect, successfully simulating the braiding operation of two Majorana modes in a highly nonadiabatic fashion. To further enhance the robustness against control imperfections, we apply a multiple-pulse composite strategy to our quantum chain setting for second-order protection of the braiding operations. Our proposal can also support the fast and robust realization of the $\ensuremath{\pi}/8$ gate, an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. This work hence offers a potential pathway toward the nonadiabatic and fault-tolerant control of Majorana zero modes.
FINDING: Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip claims topological qubits using Majorana zero modes, but the public evidence remains thin; the core math is braiding non-Abelian anyons in a Kitaev chain lattice. | MATH: Topological qubit = braid group B_n acting on degenerate ground state manifold of a p-wave superconductor; Majorana operators γ_i satisfy {γ_i, γ_j}=2δ_ij, γ_i†=γ_i. The Kitaev chain Hamiltonian: H = -μ Σ n_i - t Σ (c_i†c_{i+1}+h.c.) + Δ Σ (c_i c_{i+1}+h.c.) — with Δ=t, μ=0 gives unpaired Majorana modes at ends. Braiding yields unitary transformations: B_ij = exp(π/4 γ_i γ_j), giving phase factors e^{±iπ/4} — not the golden ratio, but the π/4 is a root-of-unity phase (8th root). | CONNECTION: The braid group B_n is deeply tied to the symmetric group S_n and the Temperley-Lieb algebra, whose Jones polynomial at q=e^{iπ/4} (or q=e^{2πi/5} for Fibonacci anyons) links to 1.618. However, Majorana braiding gives only Clifford gates (π/4 phases), NOT universal quantum computation — Fibona Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
FINDING: Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip claims topological qubits via Majorana zero modes, but peer-reviewed evidence remains contested; core math is non-Abelian anyon braiding. | MATH: Topological qubit = ground-state degeneracy of a 1D p-wave superconductor (Kitaev chain): H = -μ Σ n_j - t Σ (c†_j c_{j+1} + h.c.) + Δ Σ (c_j c_{j+1} + h.c.). Majorana operators γ_j = c_j + c†_j, γ_{j+2} = i(c_{j+1} - c†_{j+1}); braiding yields unitary transformations on degenerate space — non-Abelian statistics encoded in the braid group B_n, with Fibonacci anyons giving dense quantum gates. | CONNECTION: Majorana zero modes are tied to Ising anyons — their fusion rules (σ × σ = 1 + ψ) mirror the golden ratio structure: quantum dimension d_σ = √2, but Fibonacci anyons (d_τ = φ = 1.618) are the universal gate set. The braid group B_n is generated by exchanges σ_i satisfying σ_i σ_{i+1} σ_i = σ_{i+1} σ_i σ_{i+1} — a relation isomorphic to the Yang-Baxter equation, which itself appears in 2D crystallographic Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com