8.2 Quantization of the Energy of Electrons

Shirley A. Wacowich-Sgarbi

Jack Barrett

Zhuang Bu

Electron is influenced by the attraction of being in inverse proportion to distance square. According to the classical theories, electron's quantization orbit and energy of hydrogen like atom are deduced by using the two independent conditions of sommerfeld's quantization.

OpenStaxCollege

Wang Wen-ze

The quantization energy and the quantization electron orbits of hydrogen atom and Bohr's quantization condition of the steady orbits (or the quantization condition of angular momentum) are educed with the correspondence principle.

S. Venkatesan

Classical subatomic particles simulations were applied to protons, neutrons and electrons to simulate a complete atom using pseudo potentials to simulate nucleus and electrons distributed around nucleus. Molecular dynamics algorithms were applied to subatomic particles to simulate a complete atom for Hydrogen, Carbon and Uranium atoms that were reported in previous studies. Further analysis of energies of Carbon atom reveals that atom has quantized discrete energy values rather than continuous energies as expected in classical simulations. Changes in atom's total energy were observed to be in step changes going to higher/lower energy states and energy values are observed to be in quantized rather than continuous. Electrons energy profiles was observed during the atom's quantum energy shifts and only one electron got affected that has step change in its energies, for short duration, leaving other electrons unaffected. To observe similar phenomenon in other atoms, Fluorine, Magnesium and Chlorine atom were considered in this study and found to have similar quantized discrete energy values properties. This study implements subatomic particles simulations using classical mechanics that explains why atom's energies are quantized in nature as observed in discrete lines in atomic emission/absorption spectrum for atoms.