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Iranian Journal of Physics Research

Dissipative diffraction in time and early-arrival in continuous quantum-classical transition

S. V. Mousavi

Published May 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Diffraction in time and early-arrival phenomena will be studied in the context of dissipative systems. This theoretical consideration is done by using the linear scaled wave equation proposed in the framework of Caldirola-Kanai theory for the continuous quantum-classical transition. Two simple but physically important and interesting examples are studied, sudden release from a shutter where transient behaviors (diffraction in time) are seen; and also transmission through a time-dependent parabolic barrier where early-arrival is seen. Calculations show that diffraction in time is a non-classical effect and temporary behaviors are gradually suppressed as the friction increases. Furthermore, early-arrival is seen even in the classical regime. This means that early-arrival is not a non-classical phenomenon. This behavior will be explained by means of scaled trajectories which are just Bohmian trajectories in the quantum regime.

DOI
10.47176/ijpr.21.1.21502

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Diffraction in time and early-arrival phenomena will be studied in the context of dissipative systems. This theoretical consideration is done by using the linear scaled wave equation proposed in the framework of Caldirola-Kanai theory for the continuous quantum-classical transition. Two simple but physically important and interesting examples are studied, sudden release from a shutter where transient behaviors (diffraction in time) are seen; and also transmission through a time-dependent parabolic barrier where early-arrival is seen. Calculations show that diffraction in time is a non-classical effect and temporary behaviors are gradually suppressed as the friction increases. Furthermore, early-arrival is seen even in the classical regime. This means that early-arrival is not a non-classical phenomenon. This behavior will be explained by means of scaled trajectories which are just Bohmian trajectories in the quantum regime.
A nonlinear quantum–classical transition wave equation is proposed for dissipative systems within the Caldirola-Kanai model. Equivalence of this transition equation to a scaled Schrödinger equation is proved. The dissipative dynamics is then studied in terms of what we call scaled trajectories following the standard procedure used in Bohmian mechanics. These trajectories depend on a continuous parameter allowing us a smooth transition from Bohmian to classical trajectories. Arrival times and actual momentum distribution functions are also analyzed. The propagation of a Gaussian wave packet in a viscid medium under the presence of constant, linear and harmonic potentials is studied. The gradual decoherence process and localization are easily visualized and understood within this theoretical framework.
Abstract Decoherence is a well established process for the emergence of classical mechanics in open quantum systems. However, it can have two different origins or mechanisms depending on the dynamics one is considering, speaking then about intrinsic decoherence for isolated systems and environmental decoherence due to dissipation/fluctuations for open systems. This second mechanism can not be considered for backflow since no thermal fluctuation terms can be added in the formalism in order to keep an important requirement for the occurrence of this effect: only contributions of positive momenta along time should be maintained. The purpose of this work is to analyze the backflow effect in the light of the underlying intrinsic decoherence and the dissipative dynamics. For this goal, we first deal with the Milburn approach where a mean frequency of the unitary evolution steps undergone for the system is assumed. A comparative analysis is carried out in terms of the Lindblad master equation. Second, the so-called quantum-to-classical transition wave equation is analyzed from a linear scaled Schrödinger equation which is derived and expressed in terms of a continuous parameter covering from the quantum to the classical regime as well as all in-between dynamical non-classical regimes. This theoretical analysis is inspired by the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation. And third, in order to complete our analysis, the transition wave equation formalism is also applied to dissipative backflow within the Caldirola–Kanai approach where the dissipative dynamics comes from an effective Hamiltonian. In all the cases treated here, backflow is gradually suppressed as the intrinsic decoherence process is developing, paying a special attention to the classical limit. The route to classicality is not unique.
Classical viscid media are quite common in our everyday life. However, we are not used to find such media in quantum mechanics and much less to analyze their effects on the dynamics of quantum systems. Here we provide a Bohmian analysis of the friction dynamics led by hypothetical quantum viscid media, which will be simulated by means of the so-called Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian. As it is shown, this causal model enables a better understanding of phenomena, such as quantum localization (“quantum freezing”) or the quantum-to-classical transition. We have analyzed these phenomena in a series of paradigmatic situations of quantum mechanics, such as free wave-packet evolution, motion in a linear potential, damped harmonic oscillator and interference dynamics.
Thermal wave packets are used to analyze transmission probabilities and characteristic times through a parabolic repeller within the dissipative Bohmian mechanics. Thermal arrival, dwelling, transmission and reflection times are defined and calculated by using a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for the initial velocities of the incident particles. The dissipation is considered within the Caldirola-Kanai and Kostin approaches where a linear and nonlinear framework is used, respectively. The initial parameters are chosen to have only a dissipative tunnelling dynamics at zero temperature; at any nonzero temperature, transmission proceeds not only via tunnelling.
The dynamics of an open quantum system in the high-temperature regime of the Caldeira-Leggett model using a Bohmian language is investigated. By expressing the density matrix in polar form, generalized continuity and Hamilton-Jacobi equations are obtained. Thermal effects appear explicitly in the former, while they influence the latter only indirectly through an effective potential. Remarkably, the effective potential does not vanish in the classical limit and cannot, in general, be decomposed into simple additive quantum and thermal contributions. Instead, it retains a nontrivial structure leading to a residual temperature dependence in the resulting dynamics. As a consequence, the resulting temperature-dependent-classical trajectories remain deterministic even in the presence of a thermal environment. This behavior contrasts with the stochastic dynamics observed in the Langevin description and reflects the ensemble-based nature of the present approach. To further explore the quantum-to-classical transition, a scaled version of the Caldeira-Leggett equation is introduced by scaling both the density matrix and Planck constant through a quantumness parameter. This parameter takes the value one in the fully quantum regime and smoothly approaches zero in the classical limit. Applications to Gaussian states demonstrate a gradual suppression of coherence and interference, governed jointly by thermal effects and the transition parameter.