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Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions: ICPEAC X

Two-photon absorption in atomic gases

M. S. Pindzola

Published Jan 1, 1977• 0 citations
OpenAlex

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Multiphoton Ionization of Hydrogen and Rare-Gas Atoms

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A perturbation theory of the ionization of atoms by simultaneous absorption of several photons, each of whose energy is less than the ionization potential, is developed from the evolution-operator formalism. A precise computation is made for the hydrogen atom, giving transition rates as a function of photon energy for two- through twelve-photon photoionization. The eighth-order ionization rate (in cgs units) at the 1.78-eV ruby-laser line is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}244}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${(\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{flux})}^{8}$ and should be observable using available techniques. Good agreement is obtained with Zernik's exact calculation of the two-photon ionization rate of metastable $2S$ hydrogen. Approximate calculations are made for the rare gases. Assuming "typical" experimental conditions of a gas density of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{20}$ atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a ruby laser focused into a volume of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, we find that the flux required to liberate one electron during a 10-nsec pulse is \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Xe, Kr, and Ar and \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{30}$ photons ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Ne and He. These gases ionize with the simultaneous absorption of 7, 8, 9, 13, and 14 photons, respectively. The predicted rate for Xe is found to be in excellent agreement with the recent direct measurements of Voronov and Delone. We conclude that multiphoton ionization provides the initial electrons required for the optical breakdown of gases, though it does not account for the over-all growth of the discharge except possibly at very low pressures. Impurity atoms (particularly heavy rare gases) may be the source of "initiating" electrons in Ne and He.

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For realizing optimal performance, knowing the photon absorption cross-section of alkali atoms is significant in a wide range of fields, such as atomic clock, atomic magnetometer and atomic spin gyroscope. By analyzing the pressure broadening and shift, natural broadening and Doppler broadening of the absorption line of 87Rb D1 line, the numerical simulation of photon absorption cross-section of 87Rb D1 line is conducted. Based on the results of numerical simulation, natural broadening is found to be much smaller than pressure broadening and Doppler broadening in general. The pressure broadening becomes the dominant factor of broadening for high pressure of buffer and quenching gases, while the Doppler broadening is dominant for low pressure of buffer and quenching gases. The results of numerical simulation demonstrate that, with the increasing broadening of absorption line, the number of peaks of the photon absorption cross-section decreases from four to one gradually, and the amplitudes of these peaks decline in the meantime.

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Non-local Quantum Electrodynamics. II. Possibility of correlated 2n-photon absorption in gases leading to VERY High frequency spontaneous emission and Very high order Harmonic Generation

Krishna Rai Dastidar, T. K. Rai Dastidar

In a recent work [Mod. Phys. Lett A13, p-1265 (1998)] we expounded a non-local Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) which predicted a linear two-photon absorption by an atom placed in a laser field of appropriate intensity and frequency. In this paper we extend our earlier work to show that the theory allows for linear 2n-photon absorption by gaseous matter where, under suitable conditions, n may literally run upto thousands. The consequences of this extension of the theory are outlined and predictions are made which may be verified in laboratories.

arXiv:quant-ph/0204109•Apr 19, 2002•0 citations
A perturbation theory of the ionization of atoms by simultaneous absorption of several photons, each of whose energy is less than the ionization potential, is developed from the evolution-operator formalism. A precise computation is made for the hydrogen atom, giving transition rates as a function of photon energy for two- through twelve-photon photoionization. The eighth-order ionization rate (in cgs units) at the 1.78-eV ruby-laser line is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}244}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(photonflux)8{(\mathrm{photon}\mathrm{flux})}^{8}(photonflux)8 and should be observable using available techniques. Good agreement is obtained with Zernik's exact calculation of the two-photon ionization rate of metastable 2S2S2S hydrogen. Approximate calculations are made for the rare gases. Assuming "typical" experimental conditions of a gas density of \ensuremath{\sim}1020{10}^{20}1020 atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a ruby laser focused into a volume of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3, we find that the flux required to liberate one electron during a 10-nsec pulse is \ensuremath{\sim}1029{10}^{29}1029 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Xe, Kr, and Ar and \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1030{10}^{30}1030 photons ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Ne and He. These gases ionize with the simultaneous absorption of 7, 8, 9, 13, and 14 photons, respectively. The predicted rate for Xe is found to be in excellent agreement with the recent direct measurements of Voronov and Delone. We conclude that multiphoton ionization provides the initial electrons required for the optical breakdown of gases, though it does not account for the over-all growth of the discharge except possibly at very low pressures. Impurity atoms (particularly heavy rare gases) may be the source of "initiating" electrons in Ne and He.
For realizing optimal performance, knowing the photon absorption cross-section of alkali atoms is significant in a wide range of fields, such as atomic clock, atomic magnetometer and atomic spin gyroscope. By analyzing the pressure broadening and shift, natural broadening and Doppler broadening of the absorption line of 87Rb D1 line, the numerical simulation of photon absorption cross-section of 87Rb D1 line is conducted. Based on the results of numerical simulation, natural broadening is found to be much smaller than pressure broadening and Doppler broadening in general. The pressure broadening becomes the dominant factor of broadening for high pressure of buffer and quenching gases, while the Doppler broadening is dominant for low pressure of buffer and quenching gases. The results of numerical simulation demonstrate that, with the increasing broadening of absorption line, the number of peaks of the photon absorption cross-section decreases from four to one gradually, and the amplitudes of these peaks decline in the meantime.
In a recent work [Mod. Phys. Lett A13, p-1265 (1998)] we expounded a non-local Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) which predicted a linear two-photon absorption by an atom placed in a laser field of appropriate intensity and frequency. In this paper we extend our earlier work to show that the theory allows for linear 2n-photon absorption by gaseous matter where, under suitable conditions, n may literally run upto thousands. The consequences of this extension of the theory are outlined and predictions are made which may be verified in laboratories.