Hydrodynamic phenomena seem to be ubiquitous in the universe. Hydrodynamics provides an effective, long-wavelength description of both classical and quantum systems. We study the universal spatial features of certain non-equilibrium steady states corresponding to flows of strongly correlated fluids over obstacles. We identify spatial collective modes of the strongly coupled many body system. These modes can be both hydrodynamical or non-hydrodynamical. Analytic examples can be found in the large-dimension limit of the bulk theory, but in three dimensions as well. We construct the general first-order hydrodynamic theory invariant under time translations, the Euclidean group of spatial transformations and preserving particle number. Such theories are important in many situations, from hydrodynamics of graphene to flocking behaviour of birds and motion of self-propelled organisms. We apply our non-boost invariant model of hydrodynamics to concrete flow configurations - the Poiseuille, Couette and Taylor-Couette flows. We also test the instability of the Poiseuille flow.
Hydrodynamic phenomena seem to be ubiquitous in the universe. Hydrodynamics provides an effective, long-wavelength description of both classical and quantum systems. We study the universal spatial features of certain non-equilibrium steady states corresponding to flows of strongly correlated fluids over obstacles. We identify spatial collective modes of the strongly coupled many body system. These modes can be both hydrodynamical or non-hydrodynamical. Analytic examples can be found in the large-dimension limit of the bulk theory, but in three dimensions as well. We construct the general first-order hydrodynamic theory invariant under time translations, the Euclidean group of spatial transformations and preserving particle number. Such theories are important in many situations, from hydrodynamics of graphene to flocking behaviour of birds and motion of self-propelled organisms. We apply our non-boost invariant model of hydrodynamics to concrete flow configurations - the Poiseuille, Couette and Taylor-Couette flows. We also test the instability of the Poiseuille flow.
Attractors are effective low-dimensional structures, defined in a chosen set of observables, that trajectories from different initial states approach; hydrodynamic attractors are those on which the late-time evolution is governed by hydrodynamic constitutive relations. Motivated by nuclear collisions and ultracold atomic gases, this chapter distinguishes attractorization (the loss of sensitivity to some directions in the space of initial states) from hydrodynamization (the onset of validity of hydrodynamic constitutive relations). Using mainly conformal, boost-invariant Bjorken flow, we compare Müller-Israel-Stewart-type theories, kinetic theory, holography, and classical Yang-Mills fields. Forward attraction, produced by the decay of non-hydrodynamic modes, is distinguished from pullback attraction, which can select a unique regular solution, and from expansion-driven attraction, which can suppress initial-state sensitivity before microscopic relaxation, with or without a subsequent fluid regime. Divergent gradient expansions and their transseries completions, the state-space picture, and adiabatic hydrodynamization provide complementary descriptions. Applications to nuclear collisions include particle production, transverse energy and flow, the initialization of and linear response around attracting backgrounds, jet quenching, and attractor-informed modifications of hydrodynamic models. For ultracold Fermi gases, we review theoretical proposals for bulk-channel attractors under scattering-length drives and distinguish them from recent measurements of short-time contact and momentum-distribution dynamics.
Physical systems made of many interacting quantum particles can often be described by Euler hydrodynamic equations in the limit of long wavelengths and low frequencies. Recently such a classical hydrodynamic framework, now dubbed generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), was found for quantum integrable models in one spatial dimension. Despite its great predictive power, GHD, like any Euler hydrodynamic equation, misses important quantum effects, such as quantum fluctuations leading to nonzero equal-time correlations between fluid cells at different positions. Focusing on the one-dimensional gas of bosons with delta repulsion, and on states of zero entropy, for which quantum fluctuations are larger, we reconstruct such quantum effects by quantizing GHD. The resulting theory of quantum GHD can be viewed as a multicomponent Luttinger liquid theory, with a small set of effective parameters that are fixed by the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. It describes quantum fluctuations of truly nonequilibrium systems where conventional Luttinger liquid theory fails.
At large scales of space and time, the nonequilibrium dynamics of local observables in extensive many-body systems is well described by hydrodynamics. At the Euler scale, one assumes that each mesoscopic region independently reaches a state of maximal entropy under the constraints given by the available conservation laws. Away from phase transitions, maximal entropy states show exponential correlation decay, and independence of fluid cells might be assumed to subsist during the course of time evolution. We show that this picture is incorrect: under ballistic scaling, regions separated by macroscopic distances "develop long-range correlations as time passes." These correlations take a universal form that only depends on the Euler hydrodynamics of the model. They are rooted in the large-scale motion of interacting fluid modes and are the dominant long-range correlations developing in time from long-wavelength, entropy-maximized states. They require "the presence of interaction" and "at least two different fluid modes" and are of a fundamentally different nature from well-known long-range correlations occurring from diffusive spreading or from quasiparticle excitations produced in far-from-equilibrium quenches. We provide a universal theoretical framework to exactly evaluate them, an adaptation of the macroscopic fluctuation theory to the Euler scale. We verify our exact predictions in the hard-rod gas, by comparing with numerical simulations and finding excellent agreement.
In this thesis we investigate the instabilities of superfluids at finite superflow by means of a hydrodynamical approach. We find that at a finite value of the background superfluid velocity a hydrodynamic collective mode crosses to the upper half complex frequency plane, thereby signalling a dynamical instability. At the same time, however, this instability is also thermodynamic, as its onset is controlled by one of the second derivatives of the free energy changing sign. We carry out our analysis in two main setups: the "probe limit", where the fluctuations of the temperature and the normal fluid's velocity are frozen, and a complete approach, which includes them. In both cases we test our results with the help of gauge-gravity duality, finding good agreement between the hydrodynamic modes of the boundary theory and the quasinormal modes of the gravity theory. Our criterion for the onset of the instability, which is formulated in a model-independent way, applies to interacting systems irrespective of the strength of interactions, does not rely on boost invariance and does not assume any specific quantum statistics. As a final check, we also show that it yields the Landau critical velocity for Galilean superfluids with Bose-Einstein quasiparticles.
There has been renewed interest in understanding the details and origins of chaos in quantum systems with many degrees of freedom. Chaos plays a significant role in holographic theories, hydrodynamic transport, and even the strange metal phase of condensed matter systems. With this importance, discovering a unified origin that yields universal results for chaotic systems is clearly desirable. In this thesis, we investigate the conjectured hydrodynamic origin of quantum many-body chaos, first posited in [1], by testing it with the next-to-leading order SYK model. We provide a review of how hydrodynamic theories are constructed, and how hydrodynamic theories with a certain symmetry possess all the standard features of chaos. We then review the leading order SYK model, demonstrate its chaotic behaviour, and compare it with the predictions of the hydrodynamic theory. We finally perform an in-depth investigation of the next-to-leading order SYK model, demonstrating that, while one sector of the theory satisfies the conjecture, another sector does not admit a hydrodynamic description. This shows that the conjecture must be modified to account for near-maximally chaotic theories.
Describing emergent macroscopic phenomena in low spatial dimensions is known to be notoriously challenging, primarily due to strong interactions that render perturbative approaches inapplicable. On the other hand, low-dimensional systems host a wealth of unorthodox phenomena. A prominent example is the emergence of superdiffusive transport in one-dimensional interacting systems, traditionally studied in the framework of nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics. After identifying and discussing internal inconsistencies in the previous formulations, in this work we develop a general and systematic approach for constructing effective field theories of one-dimensional hydrodynamic systems in the form of coupled stochastic Langevin-type equations compatible with the physical requirements of local equilibrium states such as the thermodynamic Maxwell relation and fluctuation-dissipation symmetry. We implemented a general numerical integration scheme and exemplified our construction on a simple model of two interacting hydrodynamic modes with a non-Gaussian stationary equilibrium measure.