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Brazilian Journal of Physics

The Relativistic Nature of Entropy Changes

Claudio Zamitti Mammana

Published Jun 21, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents a method to obtain the variations of the entropies of the phases of a chemical substance in its vapor state, which allows deriving, from thermodynamics, the axioms of a quantum theory that conforms to special relativity.
DOI
10.1007/s13538-021-00936-1

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In this paper, heat and Carnot's working substance are defined respectively by the equations E=3pVE=3pVE=3pV and E=3/2pVE=3/2pVE=3/2pV, relating the energy EEE, the pressure ppp and the volume VVV of these two corpuscular systems. The thermodynamic-kinetic theoretical analysis of their equilibrium reveals that the constraints imposed by the second law on the working substance are the consequence of the relativistic and the quantum taut constraints, respectively, ∣v∣≤c|v|\le c∣v∣≤c and ∣ΔpΔq∣≥h|ΔpΔq|\ge h∣ΔpΔq∣≥h, imposed on the motion of its molecules. It is further shown that the action of these restrictions is described by the ladder operators. By revealing the laws that rule the entropy formation mechanism, thereby explaining the time asymmetry, the present approach supersedes statistical mechanics. Furthermore, it establishes the epistemological chain connecting the laws of thermodynamics to the axioms of quantum mechanics, leading to yet another unorthodox interpretation of that theory.
Phase, as the term is used in thermodynamics, refers to a spatially uniform equilibrium system. Substances undergo phase transitions, changes in phase that occur upon variations of state variables. The chemical potential of substances in coexisting phases has the same value in each of the phases in which coexistence occurs. The specific heat is discontinuous at the van der Waals critical point—a second-order phase transition in the Ehrenfest classification scheme. This chapter shows that one-dimensional systems cannot support phase transitions. Just as with liquid-vapor phase transitions, exponents characterize the critical behavior of magnetic systems. Magnets and fluids are different physical systems, yet they have the same critical behavior. Through the concept of order parameter, Landau theory subsumes the phase-transition behavior of different systems into one theory. A more physical way of demonstrating the existence of a phase transition would be to calculate the order parameter.
Abstract In the Zero‑Entropy Basic Theory of Substance (ZEBTS), information is elevated from a descriptive or statistical quantity to a genuine physical substance—χ‑information—capable of generating time, geometry, matter, interactions, and cosmological evolution. This article develops a unified framework in which χ‑information serves as the ontological foundation of physical reality, preceding spacetime and matter and determining their structure through its spectral, geometric, and thermodynamic properties. We introduce the χ‑operator Ω as the fundamental carrier of informational substance and derive its dynamics from a generalized χ‑Dirac operator Dχ. The χ‑metric, χ‑curvature, and χ‑geodesics emerge naturally from variations of Ω, establishing χ‑geometry as the pre‑spacetime structure from which classical geometry arises in the limit of weak χ‑curvature. χ‑entropy, defined as Sχ=−Tr(Ωlog⁡Ω), obeys a reversed second law dSχ/ds≤0, reflecting the intrinsic tendency of χ‑information to self‑organize and reduce uncertainty. This leads to a new χ‑thermodynamics, where χ‑temperature, χ‑energy, and χ‑flows govern the evolution of informational structures. We show that quantum mechanics emerges as a limiting case of ZEBTS: χ‑quantization explains the discreteness of physical spectra, χ‑wave functions generalize the Schrödinger formalism, and χ‑uncertainty relations introduce a minimal length scale tied to χ‑curvature. χ‑entanglement and χ‑measurement acquire a geometric and informational interpretation, resolving conceptual tensions in standard quantum theory. At cosmological scales, χ‑information provides natural explanations for dark matter (as virtual χ‑density), dark energy (as χ‑topological tension), inflation (as χ‑vacuum expansion), and the multiverse (as a spectral hierarchy of χ‑branches). We derive χ‑Friedmann equations, construct PDE models of cosmic self‑regulation, and show how spectral action minimization leads to large‑scale harmonization of the Universe. This work positions ZEBTS as a unified physical theory in which information is not encoded in matter but creates matter, geometry, and dynamics. χ‑information becomes the fundamental substance of Being, and the Universe emerges as a self‑organizing χ‑system governed by spectral, geometric, and thermodynamic principles.