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Journal of Systems Architecture

Computation-transferable authenticated key agreement protocol for smart healthcare

Wenming Wang, Haiping Huang, Fu Xiao, Qi Li, Lingyan Xue, Jiansheng Jiang

Published Jun 17, 2021• 34 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102215

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•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations
Recently, Wang et al. proposed a computationally transferable authenticated key agreement protocol for smart healthcare by adopting the certificateless public-key cryptography. They claimed that their protocol could ensure privacy, resist various attacks, and possess superior properties. After analyzing their protocol, we find that it suffers from some flaws. Firstly, user privacy is not ensured as claimed. Secondly, some statements are inaccurate or missing. Thirdly, it cannot resist DoS attack. In this paper, the details of how these flaws threaten Wang et al.’s protocol are shown.
Cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled smart healthcare plays a vital role in modern society, yet security and privacy challenges remain unavoidable. The authenticated key agreement (AKA) process, which serves as the foundation of secure communication, is widely recognized as a key solution to these challenges. However, many existing AKA methods in the literature either involve high communication and computational costs or fail to withstand quantum attacks. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) introduces a new class of cryptographic algorithms designed to resist future quantum computer threats. In this article, we present a quantum-secure, lattice-based three-party AKA scheme for smart IoT healthcare applications, leveraging the computationally complex Ring-Learning With Errors (Ring-LWE) problem. Our approach integrates secure big-data analytics with blockchain technology by utilizing authentication procedures for secure data aggregation before storing it in the blockchain. A comprehensive security evaluation including formal and informal analysis, demonstrates the scheme's strong resilience against both classical and quantum attacks. Additionally, experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme is well-suited for real-time smart healthcare applications.
To meet the requirement of doctors’ comprehensive diagnosis and treatment across multiple servers in smart healthcare, and to address the lack of efficient switching mechanisms in existing post-quantum authentication schemes, a post-quantum password authentication and fast-switching key agreement protocol for multi-server smart healthcare environments was proposed. With ML-KEM as the core cryptographic primitive, a mechanism combining initial authentication and fast switching authentication was designed. In the initial authentication phase, full authentication was performed, and a master session key and a service session key were established. During multi-server access, fast switching authentication was performed, and a new service session key was independently negotiated with the target server. In terms of security, the session key semantic security of the proposed protocol was proved under the ROR model, and resistance to common attacks was analyzed. In terms of performance, when a user continuously accessed five servers, compared with the repeated full-authentication approach in Wen’s and Chen’s post-quantum schemes, the proposed protocol reduced the cumulative computational overhead by more than 70.34% and the cumulative communication overhead by more than 27.53%. The performance gap increases as the number of servers grows, which shows that the proposed protocol has significant efficiency advantages and good scalability in large-scale deployment scenarios.