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Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum

‘On the “Two-Layeredness” of Structure and the Relation of Quantum Mechanics and Chemistry’

Rein Vihalemm

Published May 27, 2021• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

analogous.This circumstance lies at the heart of abstract-general sciences which encompass the general features of all material structures (to this also relates, inter alia, materialist dialectics as the most general science).The theories and methods developed by those abstract sciences are, on their part, applied by concrete sciences (the sciences of the first and second kind) to investigate the separate facets of concrete structures.

DOI
10.11590/abhps.2021.1.08

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analogous.This circumstance lies at the heart of abstract-general sciences which encompass the general features of all material structures (to this also relates, inter alia, materialist dialectics as the most general science).The theories and methods developed by those abstract sciences are, on their part, applied by concrete sciences (the sciences of the first and second kind) to investigate the separate facets of concrete structures.
Most proponents of dialectical materialism claim it to be the most coherent understanding of developments within sciences.Hence, it should concern them that there exist seemingly contradictory dialectical materialist understandings of the accepted theory of micro physics.Among physicists who accept dialectical materialism, there are ones who argue in favour of the standard interpretation of quantum physics, as well as others who oppose it.We discuss arguments of two such physicists, Valdimir Fock and David Bohm.They both give physical arguments against the neo-Kantian and positivist elements of the dominant Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.While Bohm uses the notion of 'qualitative infinity of nature' against the maximalist form of this interpretation, Fock defends a minimalist form of this interpretation with the argument of the 'relativity to the means of observation'.Similarly, their proposals differ on the key question of the origin of randomness in quantum measurements.Despite having a consistent formalism, there are gaps in the physical understanding of quantum physics, and at least part of their divergent interpretations relates to these gaps.It is argued that the divergent views of Bohm and Fock should not be read polemically.Rather, they together help develop a more comprehensive characterization of dialectical materialism as a worldview in development.Arguments of Bohm and Fock explore and substantiate materialist and dialectical themes in physics.Their divergence shows that dialectical materialism cannot pre-empt science.In fact, as sciences discover new properties of matter, dialectical materialism needs to continually renew its repertory of generalized concepts to grasp these properties.
Abstract This chapter presents Bohm’s 1957 lectures notes in a careful transcription, indicating the original page breaks and reproducing the figures of the original typescript. The lecture notes begin with a dialectical interpretation of the unity of opposites, like discrete and continuous properties, or wave and particle concepts, followed by a detailed description of the Heisenberg-Bohr (Copenhagen) interpretation of quantum mechanics. The latter is explained and criticized, featuring the introduction of Bohm’s notion of a subquantum level as a viable alternative. Bohm sees this alternative in the context of his notion of the infinity of nature, encouraging researchers to transcend the boundaries of established theories. The second part of the lecture notes deals with more general philosophical issues related to scientific theories in light of the cornerstone principles of Hegel’s dialectical philosophy in its materialistic version.
Abstract Quantum information science is a new and rapidly developing discipline that studies the general laws governing the transmission, storage, and processing of information in systems that obey the laws of quantum mechanics. It makes extensive use of matrix theory and operator theory on Hilbert spaces to investigate the capabilities of such systems and to develop principles for their rational design. An important consequence of the development of quantum information science is a substantial clarification of the logical structure and foundations of quantum mechanics and of its relation to reality. These lectures are devoted to the foundations of the mathematical theory of quantum systems: states, observables, communication channels, their entropic and information characteristics, and quantum information-processing protocols. The lectures provide a detailed introduction to the statistical structure of quantum theory and the necessary background from classical information theory; hence, knowledge of the basic mathematical subjects—analysis, linear algebra, and probability theory—is sufficient for understanding the material. In the first part of the course, we use the “standard” statistical model of a quantum system, but consider it in comparison with the classical statistical description. A consistent development of this approach leads to a generalized statistical model of quantum mechanics, in which observables (in general, “unsharp”) are described by probability operator-valued measures, while evolutions (in general, irreversible) are described by completely positive maps. Introductory material on these concepts, which underlie mathematical models of quantum information systems in the presence of noise and errors and have numerous applications in quantum information science, is presented in the second part of the course.