Applied Physics 2019: The difficulties and contradictions of quantum mechanics and their through eliminations - Pang Xiao Feng - University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
The troubles and inconsistencies of quantum mechanics are shown and explained in detail by uprightness of the examinations between the test realities and hypothetical outcomes acquired from the arrangements of Schr dinger conditions with various possibilities, which can just give the wave highlights of tiny particles, yet can't generally display their corpuscle highlights. These troubles and logical inconsistencies are inborn and inescapable for quantum mechanics and can't be killed and defeated in its structure regardless of how of the quantum mechanics or outside possibilities. The he challenges and logical inconsistencies of quantum mechanics he troubles and inconsistencies of quantum mechanics troubles and logical inconsistencies showed plainly that quantum mechanics is just a straight and rough hypothesis and can't be used to depict effectively and totally the duality of wave and corpuscle highlights of infinitesimal particles.
The troubles and inconsistencies of quantum mechanics are shown and explained in detail by uprightness of the examinations between the test realities and hypothetical outcomes acquired from the arrangements of Schr dinger conditions with various possibilities, which can just give the wave highlights of tiny particles, yet can't generally display their corpuscle highlights. These troubles and logical inconsistencies are inborn and inescapable for quantum mechanics and can't be killed and defeated in its structure regardless of how of the quantum mechanics or outside possibilities. The he challenges and logical inconsistencies of quantum mechanics he troubles and inconsistencies of quantum mechanics troubles and logical inconsistencies showed plainly that quantum mechanics is just a straight and rough hypothesis and can't be used to depict effectively and totally the duality of wave and corpuscle highlights of infinitesimal particles.
The basic principles of quantum mechanics, which is the foundations of model science, and, its difficulties and contradictions are exhibited and confirmed in detail and systematically by plenty of the experimental facts and theoretical results obtained from the solutions of basic Schrödinger equation through their comparisons of the intrinsic features of wave and corpuscle of the microscopic particles between the theoretical results and experimental facts. A basic difficulty is that the microscopic particles described by this linear theory have only a wave, not wave and corpuscle duality, which is inherent of quantum mechanics and cannot all be changed in the framework of the linear theory no matter what variations of investigated ways and methods, i.e., these difficulties and contradictions determinate and affirm that original quantum mechanics must be remoulded completely and developed forward. Its only direction of development is to establish nonlinear quantum mechanics, its some ideas and principles were proposed and suggested by a great number of researchers and authors over the past few decades, but they are not successful. But new nonlinear quantum mechanics proposed by Pang gave a perfect wave-corpuscle dulauty of microscopc particles and established a complete and systematical principle and theory. Thus, we afformed and confirmed the correctness of the new nonlinear quantum theory. In order to verify further the validity of the new nonlinear theory we elucodate and explain again that the nonlinear interactions existed in the new theory are wide and real existences in all physical systems, they were generated by virtue of five mechanisms for self-interaction, self-trapping, self-forcusing, self-considering and self-localizing. At the same time, we researched and exhibiteed fully the concrete representions of nonlear interaction for commom microscopic particles such as the electron, exciton, proton, plaron, photon, phonon and magneton, which are all consistent from those in Pang’s nonlinear quantum mechanics. These investigations and results proved also that Pang’s nonlinear quantum mechanics is correct and exact. Finally, we verified and confirmed completely the correctness of Pang’s new nonlinear theory using the experimental results of the property of movements of nonlinear solitons occurred in water and light fibers, in which the n, the dynamic equations of the water soliton and photon solito are all described by the nonlinear Schrödiger equation. Hence, their results and experimental evidences of wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles veried the correctness of Pang’s nonlinear quantum mechanics. Then we can use Pang’s theory to research the properties of microscopic particles in differet systems. These problems, the rules of motion of the particles as well as 396 reference papers are contained in the e-book for the reders. The concrete content his involved by e-book are described the follows. Chapter 1. The basic principles of quantum mechanism and its dificults and contradictions; Chapter 2. The necessarity remoulding quantum mechanics and establishment of nonlinear quantum mechanics; Chapter 3. The wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles in Pang’s nonlinear quantum mechanics; Chapter 4. Real and wide existences of nonlinear interactions as well as their mechanisms of generation in physical systems; Chapter 5. The nonlinear dynamic properities of common microscopic particles in different physical systems; Chapter 6. The experimental evidences for the correctness of nonlinear quantum mechanics. This e-book is intended and learned for researchers, teachers, graduate students and upper level undergraduate students.
Quantum physics is the golden child of modern science. It is the basis of our understanding of atoms, radiation, and so much else, from elementary particles and basic forces to the behavior of materials. But for a century it has also been the problem child of science as it has been overwhelmed by intense disagreements between its inventors, strange paradoxes, and implications that seem like the stuff of fantasy. To understand the universe, quantum physics explores the behavior of the smallest particles in existence like quarks, electrons, and photons and which revealing a world that defies our everyday experiences and expectations. On the other hand, quantum mechanics (QM) is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels, where classical physics fails to apply. However, the phenomena observed in QM can seem nothing short of miraculous. Physicists are trying to explain miracles of physics of universe meticulously which governed by precise scientific principles and mathematical equations. It is serious to modern technology, as its principles as well as wave-particle duality, superposition, and entanglement form the basis for electronics, computing, and medical technologies. The truth of QM in a scientific context refers to its exceptional ability to accurately describe and predict experimental results, not a philosophical ‘absolute truth’. Interestingly, the scientific elucidation of creation through quantum physics does not refute and contradict spiritual or religious narratives, rather augments our gratitude of the universe’s complexity and towards Almighty or Creator. The Bible’s or Quran’s account of creation provides a spiritual and philosophical outlook, accentuating purpose and intentionality. The precise explanations of particle behavior and cosmic formation in quantum physics, offers a balancing view grounded in empirical evidence. The purpose of this investigative study is to explore the scientific reality of QM and its purpose to depict the technical advancement for the development of modern civilization along with understand of universe in more logical way.
With all its remarkable achievements, Quantum Mechanics as established in the fundamental papers written by Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schro¨dinger, Dirac, etc. contains some inconsistencies and internal contradictions. Quantum mechanics deals with quantum processes in which the number and the type of particles do not vary during their interaction, but only their energy and momentum states. The formalism of Quantum Mechanics is not capable of describing neither the variation of the number of particles, nor the transformation of one type of particle into another type. Even if in some cases the number of particles is allowed to change, this is somewhat forced and inconsistent. For example, Quantum Mechanics is not able to give a satisfactory explanation of the spontaneous emission, in which an electron situated on an excited energy level emits a quanta γ and decays to a lower energy level.
Quantum mechanics is an immensely successful theory, occupying a unique position in the history of science. It has solved mysteries ranging from macroscopic superconductivity to the microscopic theory of elementary particles and has provided deep insights into the nature of vacuum on the one hand and the description of the nucleon on the other. Whole new fields such as quantum optics and quantum electronics owe their very existence to this body of knowledge. However, despite the stunning successes of quantum mechanics, there is no general agreement on the conceptual foundations and interpretation of the subject. The theory provides unambiguous information about the outcome of a measurement of a physical object. However, many feel that it does not provide a satisfactory answer to the nature of the “reality” we should attribute to the physical objects between the acts of measurement. The conceptual difficulty comes about because the wave function |ψ〉 is usually given by a coherent superposition of various distinguishable experimental outcomes. If we denote the collection of states that represent the possible outcomes of an experiment by |ψ j 〉, then |ψ〉 = ∑ j c j |ψ j 〉 where c j = 〈ψ j |ψ〉. The probability of the outcome |ψ j 〉 is P j =|c j | 2 . In the process of measurement, the so called collapse of the wave function takes place and a single, definite state |ψ i 〉 of the physical object is chosen. The difficulty comes about in the interpretation of the mechanism by which this definite state is chosen from amongst all the possible outcomes.
Despite its enormous practical success, many physicists and philosophers alike agree that the quantum theory is full of contradictions and paradoxes which are difficult to solve consistently. Even after 90 years, the experts themselves still do not all agree what to make of it. The area of disagreement centers primarily around the problem of describing observations. Formally, the socalled quantum measurement problem can be defined as follows: the result of a measurement is a superposition of vectors, each representing the quantity being observed as having one of its possible values.
We debate first the properties of quantum mechanics and its difficulties and the reasons resulting in these diffuculties and its direction of development. The fundamental principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics are proposed and established based on these shortcomings of quantum mechanics and real motions and interactions of microscopic particles and backgound field in physical systems. Subsequently, the motion laws and wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by nonlinear Schr?dinger equation are studied completely in detail using these elementary principles and theories. Concretely speaking, we investigate the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the mechanism and rules of particle collision and the uncertainty relation of particle’s momentum and position, and so on. We obtained that the microscopic particles obey the classical rules of collision of motion and satisfy the minimum uncertainty relation of position and momentum, etc. From these studies we see clearly that the moved rules and features of microscopic particle in nonlinear quantum mechanics is different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Therefore, nolinear quantum mechanics is a necessary result of development of quantum mechanics and represents correctly the properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by scientists in linear quantum mechanics field.