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Nano Letters

Reconfigurable Josephson Phase Shifter

T. Golod, Razmik A. Hovhannisyan, Olena M. Kapran, Vyacheslav V. Dremov, Vasily S. Stolyarov, V. M. Krasnov

Published Jun 11, 2021• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Phase shifter is one of the key elements of quantum electronics. In order to facilitate operation and avoid decoherence, it has to be reconfigurable, persistent, and nondissipative. In this work, we demonstrate prototypes of such devices in which a Josephson phase shift is generated by coreless superconducting vortices. The smallness of the vortex allows a broad-range tunability by nanoscale manipulation of vortices in a micron-size array of vortex traps. We show that a phase shift in a device containing just a few vortex traps can be reconfigured between a large number of quantized states in a broad [-3π, +3π] range.

DOI
10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01366

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Phase shifter is one of the key elements of quantum electronics. In order to facilitate operation and avoid decoherence, it has to be reconfigurable, persistent, and nondissipative. In this work, we demonstrate prototypes of such devices in which a Josephson phase shift is generated by coreless superconducting vortices. The smallness of the vortex allows a broad-range tunability by nanoscale manipulation of vortices in a micron-size array of vortex traps. We show that a phase shift in a device containing just a few vortex traps can be reconfigured between a large number of quantized states in a broad [-3π, +3π] range.
We implement a broadly tunable phase shifter for microwaves based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and study it both experimentally and theoretically. At different frequencies, a unit transmission coefficient, |S21| = 1, can be theoretically achieved along a curve where the phase shift is controllable by the magnetic flux. The fabricated device consists of three equidistant SQUIDs interrupting a transmission line. We model each SQUID embedded at different positions along the transmission line with two parameters, capacitance and inductance, the values of which we extract from the experiments. In our experiments, the tunability of the phase shift varies from 0.07 × π to 0.14 × π radians along the full-transmission curve with the input frequency ranging from 6.00 GHz to 6.28 GHz. The reported measurements are in good agreement with simulations, which is promising for future design work of phase shifters for different applications.
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been realized with a built-in π∕2 phase shift of the superconducting wave function. Its design is inspired by the phase-shifter concept, first proposed by Ioffe et al. [Nature 398, 679 (1999)] as the key element in a solid-state qubit configuration. It exploits the dx2−y2 order parameter symmetry in the high-Tc cuprates in multilayer structures based on YBa2Cu3O7-Nb ramp-type Josephson contacts. By reversing the sign of the persistent circulating current in the phase-shifting element, the π∕2 SQUID can be controllably switched between two energetically degenerate ground states, with complementary magnetic flux dependencies.
We have designed and investigated a contactless magnetic phase shifter for flux-based superconducting qubits. The phase shifter is realized by placing a perpendicularly magnetized dot at the center of a superconducting loop. The flux generated by this magnetic dot gives rise to an additional shielding current in the loop and induces a phase shift. By modifying the parameters of the dot an arbitrary phase shift can be generated in the loop. This magnetic phase shifter can, therefore, be used as an external current source in superconducting circuits, as well as a suitable tool to study fractional Josephson vortices.
One of the unique aspects of superconductivity is the phase coherence of the macroscopic wavefunction. It provides the basis for most concepts of superconducting electronic devices, such as SQUIDs and RSFQ circuitry. The phase coherence also underlies the principle of fluxoid quantization in superconducting ring structures. In recent years, an interest has arisen in introducing phase-shifting elements in superconducting circuits. Here, I will describe various techniques to implement such a phase shift, outline the potential interest for device applications and will attempt to provide an outlook for future developments in this field. Rather than providing an extensive review for a general readership, this paper aims to briefly introduce various aspects of phase-shift devices to experts in the field of Josephson electronics and to list the most important recent experimental developments in this field.
We introduce a magnetic-flux-tunable phase shifter for propagating microwave photons, based on three equidistant superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) on a transmission line. We experimentally implement the phase shifter and demonstrate that it produces a broad range of phase shifts and full transmission within the experimental uncertainty. Together with previously demonstrated beam splitters, this phase shifter can be utilized to implement arbitrary single-qubit gates for qubits based on propagating microwave photons. These results complement previous demonstrations of on-demand single-photon sources and detectors, and hence assist in the pursuit of an all-microwave quantum computer based on propagating photons.