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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Probing many-body noise in a strongly interacting two-dimensional spin ensemble ---- Part II: Theory

Emily J. Davis, Bingtian Ye, Francisco Machado, Simon A. Meynell, Thomas Mittiga, William Schenken, Maxime Joos, Bryce Kobrin, Yuanqi Lyu, Dolev Bluvstein, Soonwon Choi, Chong Zu, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich, Norman Y. Yao

Published Jun 1, 2021• 0 citations
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The most direct approach for characterizing the quantum dynamics of a strongly interacting system is to measure the time evolution of its full many-body state. Despite the conceptual simplicity of this approach, it quickly becomes intractable as the system size grows. An alternate approach is to think of the many-body dynamics as generating noise, which can be measured by the decoherence of a probe qubit. Here we investigate what the decoherence dynamics of such a probe tells us about the many-body system. In particular, we utilize optically addressable probe spins to experimentally characterize both static and dynamical properties of strongly interacting magnetic dipoles. Our experimental platform consists of two types of spin defects in nitrogen delta-doped diamond: nitrogen-vacancy colour centres, which we use as probe spins, and a many-body ensemble of substitutional nitrogen impurities. We demonstrate that the many-body system's dimensionality, dynamics and disorder are naturally encoded in the probe spins' decoherence profile. Furthermore, we obtain direct control over the spectral properties of the many-body system, with potential applications in quantum sensing and simulation.
Understanding the thermalization dynamics of quantum many-body systems at the microscopic level is among the central challenges of modern statistical physics. Here we experimentally investigate individual spin dynamics in a two-dimensional ensemble of electron spins on the surface of a diamond crystal. We use a near-surface nitrogen-vacancy center as a nanoscale magnetic sensor to probe correlation dynamics of individual spins in a dipolar interacting surface spin ensemble. We observe that the relaxation rate for each spin is significantly slower than the naïve expectation based on independently estimated dipolar interaction strengths with nearest neighbors and is strongly correlated with the timescale of the local magnetic field fluctuation. We show that this anomalously slow relaxation rate is due to the presence of strong dynamical disorder and present a quantitative explanation based on dynamic resonance counting. Finally, we use resonant spin-lock driving to control the effective strength of the local magnetic fields and reveal the role of the dynamical disorder in different regimes. Our work paves the way towards microscopic study and control of quantum thermalization in strongly interacting disordered spin ensembles.
Spin noise spectroscopy (SNS) has become a mainstream approach to probe the dynamics of a spin ensemble in and out of equilibrium. Current models describing spin noise in interacting samples are based on an effective single-particle dynamics in a bath. Here, we report the observation of a strong interaction regime which significantly affects the spin dynamics. Performing SNS in a dense rubidium vapor, we observe anomalous distortions of the usual spin noise spectra, which we attribute to resonant dipole-dipole interaction within the ensemble. As the density of the vapor increases, we observe a dramatic broadening of the usual resonances and the emergence of an unexpected extra low-frequency noise component. We use a simple microscopic two-body numerical model to reproduce and discuss these observations. Our results suggest that the spectra cannot be described by the usual models of single-atom dynamics and arise from the evolution of interacting pairs of atoms. This work opens the way to the study of many-body spin noise or higher-order correlators in atomic vapors using SNS.