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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Doping two-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard systems from polaronic metal to Fermi liquid

Sarah Hirthe, Joannis Koepsell, Dominik Bourgund, Pimonpan Sompet, Annabelle Bohrdt, Yao Wang, Fabian Grusdt, Eugene Demler, Guillaume Salomon, Christian Groß, Immanuel Bloch

Published Jun 2, 2021• 0 citations
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The competition between antiferromagnetism and hole motion in two-dimensional Mott insulators lies at the heart of a doping-dependent transition from an anomalous metal to a conventional Fermi liquid. We observe such a crossover in Fermi-Hubbard systems on a cold-atom quantum simulator and reveal the transformation of multipoint correlations between spins and holes upon increasing doping at temperatures around the superexchange energy. Conventional observables, such as spin susceptibility, are furthermore computed from the microscopic snapshots of the system. Starting from a magnetic polaron regime, we find the system evolves into a Fermi liquid featuring incommensurate magnetic fluctuations and fundamentally altered correlations. The crossover is completed for hole dopings around 30%. Our work benchmarks theoretical approaches and discusses possible connections to lower-temperature phenomena.
We employ a family of ancilla qubit variational wave functions [Y.-H. Zhang and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. Res. 2 , 023172 (2020)] to describe the polaronic correlations in the pseudogap metal phase of a hole-doped 2D Fermi–Hubbard model. Comparison to ultracold atom quantum simulator data [J. Koepsell et al ., Science 374 , 82 (2021)] reveals both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the numerical analysis from half-filling up to 80% hole-doping, capturing the crossover from the polaronic regime to the Fermi liquid observed around 40% doping.
The interplay between spin and charge degrees of freedom arising from doping a Mott insulating quantum spin liquid (QSL) has been a topic of research for several decades. Calculating properties of these fractionalized metallic states in single-band models are generally restricted to mean-field patron descriptions and small fluctuations around these states, which are insufficient for quantitative comparison of observables to measurements performed in strongly-correlated systems. In this work, we numerically study a class of correlated electronic wavefunctions which support fractionalized spin and charge excitations and which fully take into account gauge fluctuations through the enforcement of local Hilbert space constraints. By optimizing the energy of these wavefunctions against the hole-doped Fermi Hubbard Hamiltonian, we obtain a variational ansatz for describing the low-energy physics of this model. We compare measurements of hole-induced spin-spin correlation functions to measurements taken in low temperature cold-atom simulations of the Hubbard model and find quantitative agreement between the two. In particular, we demonstrate the emergence of magnetic polaron correlations in these metallic states.