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World Conference on Computing and Communication Technologies (WCCCT)

Research on Key Distribution and Encryption Control System of Optical Network Physical Layer

Chen Cui, Yang Zhe, Yang Siyu, Cheng Tao, Liqiong Jiang, Wang Xiangqing

Published Jan 1, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With the wide application of large-capacity and high-speed optical networks, its security has become a current research focus. Due to the limitations of traditional key distribution and encryption schemes, this paper proposes an innovative key distribution and encryption control scheme based on physical layer channel feature extraction and analysis. First of all, the transceiver terminal extracts the physical characteristics of the fiber channel separately, and generates a consensus key through quantization coding. Second, use the generated key base to encrypt the transmission sequence, map the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal to the high-order 1024×1024-QAM signal, and use the noise stream to perform the high-order QAM. The signal is flooded. The system utilizes channel non-replication and randomness of channel noise, the security and randomness of the key are good, and the key formation rate is high and the key generation equipment is simple. The system uses high-order QAM modulation, which increases the security of the system. The experimental results show that the coding rate of the key generated by the system reaches 400kb/s, and the coding performance of the key is better; the operating key is generated by the key base extension, which has strong anti-interception ability; the system has a low bit error rate and secure transmission Good performance.

DOI
10.1109/wccct52091.2021.00008

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With the wide application of large-capacity and high-speed optical networks, its security has become a current research focus. Due to the limitations of traditional key distribution and encryption schemes, this paper proposes an innovative key distribution and encryption control scheme based on physical layer channel feature extraction and analysis. First of all, the transceiver terminal extracts the physical characteristics of the fiber channel separately, and generates a consensus key through quantization coding. Second, use the generated key base to encrypt the transmission sequence, map the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal to the high-order 1024×1024-QAM signal, and use the noise stream to perform the high-order QAM. The signal is flooded. The system utilizes channel non-replication and randomness of channel noise, the security and randomness of the key are good, and the key formation rate is high and the key generation equipment is simple. The system uses high-order QAM modulation, which increases the security of the system. The experimental results show that the coding rate of the key generated by the system reaches 400kb/s, and the coding performance of the key is better; the operating key is generated by the key base extension, which has strong anti-interception ability; the system has a low bit error rate and secure transmission Good performance.
The optical network supporting emerging bandwidth-intensive services has become the cornerstone of the 5G era. However, the development of optical fiber eavesdropping and quantum computing has brought huge security challenges to traditional cryptography. As an effective approach to improving optical layer transmission security, all-optical logic gate encryption has important research significance. This paper proposes a high-speed coherent optical encryption and decryption system based on phase encoding with all-optical logic gates. The system ingeniously designs the phase encoding and decoding scheme between two quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals, which doubles the encryption and decryption efficiency. In addition, the integration of physical-layer key distribution (PLKD) and physical-layer encryption (PLE) contributes to a reduction in overall system complexity. By adopting real-time signal processing in an all-optical domain, the single-wavelength rate of system security communication can reach 100 Gbps. The system is also applicable to other phase-modulated signals and provides a feasible scheme to enhance transmission security in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks featuring high speed, low latency, and high flexibility.
This paper proposes a novel key distribution system based on the measurement of the bit error rate (BER) in a fiber channel. By carrying out the loopback BER measurement at both the transmitting and the receiving end, the BER is quantified and codified to generate consistency keys. Alice and Bob respectively encrypt the signal with the help of the public key base at the transmitting end. At the receiving end the data are decrypted and then the BER is measured. The security of generated keys in the system is enhanced by the use of the encryption base and the randomness of the channel. Additionally, noise sources are added to the channel so that the random noise conceals signals and Eve cannot eavesdrop the useful information in it. Due to the randomness of the channel noise, the generated keys have good randomness. This system at a high key generation rate is compatible with the existing communication device and its measurement is simple. The 10G bit/s-200 km coherent optical communication system is used to measure the BER of the security feature information of the extracted channel. The experimental results show that the key distribution system obtains a consistency rate of 98% with the key generation rate 2 Mbps, both of which have been significantly improved.
With the increase in the popularity of cloud computing and big data applications, the amount of sensitive data transmitted through optical networks has increased dramatically. Furthermore, optical transmission systems face various security risks at the physical level. We propose a novel key distribution scheme based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements to extract the fingerprint of the fiber channel and improve the physical level of security. The SNR varies with time because the fiber channel is affected by many physical characteristics, such as dispersion, polarization, scattering, and amplifier noise. The extracted SNR of the optical fiber channel can be used as the basis of key generation. Alice and Bob can obtain channel characteristics by measuring the SNR of the optical fiber channel and generate the consistent key by quantization coding. The security and consistency of the key are guaranteed by the randomness and reciprocity of the channel. The simulation results show that the key generation rate (KGR) can reach 25 kbps, the key consistency rate (KCR) can reach 98% after key post-processing, and the error probability of Eve’s key is ~50%. In the proposed scheme, the equipment used is simple and compatible with existing optic fiber links.
In this paper, we propose a novel physical layer security optical transmission scheme utilizing randomized quantization noise. The proposed approach encrypts low-order plaintext signals into ultra-high-order ciphertext using principles similar to quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC). While, the ultra-dense quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) ciphertext waveforms are masked by intrinsic quantization noise. The combination of digital delta-sigma quantization and analog chaotic random scrambling not only produces randomized quantization noise, but also naturally supports one-time processing of masking ciphertext and generating keystream. Whereby, the in-band quantization noise (IBN) conceals nearby ciphertext levels bolstering security, and the out-of-band quantization noise (OOBN) is digitized to generate keystream using the Toeplitz hashing extractor. Experimental results show that 256-QAM plaintext signals were securely transmitted over standard single-mode fiber: 163-Gbps signals over 400 km, and 79.7-Gbps signals over 1800 km. To evaluate system performance, theoretical models for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), and number of masked signals (NMS) are derived as functions of the oversampling ratio (OSR). Our findings reveal a trade-off between transmission performance and security performance. Our results confirm that this scrambling effectively eliminates the correlation between the masking noise components. Toeplitz hashing extractor can effectively reduce the complexity of keystream generation and obtain a source-independent random keystream.
Aiming at the current eavesdropping security issues in the physical layer of optical networks, a new hybrid optical encryption scheme based on Highly Nonlinear Fiber (HNLF) and Super Structured Fiber Bragg Grating (SSFBG) is proposed in this paper. In the scheme, degenerate Four Wave Mixing (FWM) is used to encrypt and decrypt user information, and optical coding technology is used to encode and decode the key information. Therefore, the encoding and secret transmission of the key signal can be realized simultaneously. The security of the system is measured by comparing the waveform of the encrypted signal transmitted in the channel with the waveform of the original transmitted signal, and the effectiveness of the system is measured by the bit error rate at the system receiver side. The simulation results show that the frequency and phase of the user data information are disturbed, and the optical power of the encoded key signal is as low as -34.4 dBm. Therefore, the eavesdropping channel cannot obtain effective data information nor detect the key signal, which demonstrates the safe transmission of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) signal.
High-order modulation format optical signals are widely deployed in modern optical networks but remain insufficiently protected at the physical layer, leading to significant security vulnerabilities. This work proposes an all-optical secure transmission scheme for 16QAM signals based on phase coding and dispersive stretching. The scheme employs symmetric cascaded in-phase and quadrature Mach–Zehnder modulators (IQMZMs) to realize phase encoding and decoding, providing a simple structure with good suitability for photonic integration. The universality of constant-envelope key signals within the proposed architecture is investigated, providing references for key-format and device selection in practical applications and important guidance for future research on all-optical digital encryption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of all-optical digital encryption and decryption of 16QAM signals using high-order modulated key signals. Compared with existing schemes of the same category, the key space increases by a factor of2n2^{n}2n, wherennndenotes the number of symbols. Furthermore, the key signal undergoes dynamic temporal broadening through dispersive processing, enabling steganographic transmission. Simulation results at a bit rate of 100 Gb/s demonstrate significant security enhancement with high stability and reliability. Overall, the proposed scheme provides an effective approach to enhancing physical-layer security in high-order modulation optical transmission systems.