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New Journal of Physics

Effects of white noise on the violation of Bell-type inequalities based on probability theory

Arijit Dutta, Jaewan Kim, Jinhyoung Lee

Published May 12, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We introduce two types of statistical quasi-separation between local observables to construct two-party Bell-type inequalities for an arbitrary dimensional systems and arbitrary number of measurement settings per site. Note that, the main difference between statistical quasi-separations and the usual statistical separations is that the former are not symmetric under exchange of the two local observables, whereas latter preserve the symmetry. We show that a variety of Bell inequalities can be derived by sequentially applying triangle inequalities which statistical quasi-separations satisfy. A sufficient condition is presented to show quantum violations of the Bell-type inequalities with infinitesimal values of critical visibility v c.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/ac0085

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Abstract We introduce two types of statistical quasi-separation between local observables to construct two-party Bell-type inequalities for an arbitrary dimensional systems and arbitrary number of measurement settings per site. Note that, the main difference between statistical quasi-separations and the usual statistical separations is that the former are not symmetric under exchange of the two local observables, whereas latter preserve the symmetry. We show that a variety of Bell inequalities can be derived by sequentially applying triangle inequalities which statistical quasi-separations satisfy. A sufficient condition is presented to show quantum violations of the Bell-type inequalities with infinitesimal values of critical visibility v c.
We introduce two types of statistical quasi-separation between local observables to construct two-party Bell-type inequalities for an arbitrary dimensional systems and arbitrary number of measurement settings per site. Note that, the main difference between statistical quasi-separations and the usual statistical separations is that the former are not symmetric under exchange of the two local observables, whereas latter preserve the symmetry. We show that a variety of Bell inequalities can be derived by sequentially applying triangle inequalities which statistical quasi-separations satisfy. A sufficient condition is presented to show quantum violations of the Bell-type inequalities with infinitesimal values of critical visibility vcv_cvc​.
We introduce for a general correlation scenario a new simulation model, a local quasi hidden variable (LqHV) model, where locality and the measure-theoretic construction inherent to a local hidden variable (LHV) model are preserved but positivity of a simulation measure is dropped. We specify a necessary and sufficient condition for LqHV modelling and, based on this, prove that every quantum correlation scenario admits a LqHV simulation. Via the LqHV approach, we construct analogs of Bell-type inequalities for an N-partite quantum state and find a new analytical upper bound on the maximal violation by an N-partite quantum state of S1 × ⋯ × SN-setting Bell-type inequalities – either on correlation functions or on joint probabilities and for outcomes of an arbitrary spectral type, discrete or continuous. This general analytical upper bound is expressed in terms of the new state dilation characteristics introduced in the present paper and not only traces quantum states admitting an S1 × ⋯ × SN-setting LHV description but also leads to the new exact numerical upper estimates on the maximal Bell violations for concrete N-partite quantum states used in quantum information processing and for an arbitrary N-partite quantum state. We, in particular, prove that violation by an N-partite quantum state of an arbitrary Bell-type inequality (either on correlation functions or on joint probabilities) for S settings per site cannot exceed (2S − 1)N − 1 even in case of an infinite dimensional quantum state and infinitely many outcomes.
So far, various Bell type inequalities have been introduced to test the local realism in tripartite systems. In this article we consider a tripartite system with two measurements in each side and two outputs for each measurement. Then we will introduce a new bell type inequality for this system and we show that this inequality is violated by quantum theory with a violation factor and amount of violation of 3.5 and 2.5 respectively, which exceed those of available inequalities in both cases. Also we will show that the white noise tolerance of this new Bell type expression is 0.5, which agrees with the maximum amount of white noise tolerance of available inequalities up to now.
In a Bell test, the set of observed probability distributions complying with the principle of local realism is fully characterized by Bell inequalities. Quantum theory allows for a violation of these inequalities, which is famously regarded as Bell nonlocality. However, finding the maximal degree of this violation is, in general, an undecidable problem. Consequently, no algorithm can be used to derive quantum analogs of Bell inequalities, which would characterize the set of probability distributions allowed by quantum theory. Here we present a family of inequalities, which approximate the set of quantum correlations in Bell scenarios where the number of settings or outcomes can be arbitrary. We derive these inequalities from the principle of Information Causality, and thus, we do not assume the formalism of quantum mechanics. Moreover, we identify a subspace in the correlation space for which the derived inequalities give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the principle of Macroscopic Locality. As a result, we show that in this subspace, the principle of Information Causality is strictly stronger than the principle of Macroscopic Locality.
In this work we investigate the probability of violation of local realism under random measurements in parallel with the strength of these violations as described by resistance to white noise admixture. We address multisetting Bell scenarios involving up to seven qubits. As a result, in the first part of this manuscript, we report statistical distributions of a quantity reciprocal to the critical visibility for various multipartite quantum states subjected to random measurements. The statistical relevance of different classes of multipartite tight Bell inequalities violated with random measurements is investigated. We also introduce the concept of typicality of quantum correlations for pure states as the probability to generate a nonlocal behavior with both random state and measurement. Although this typicality is slightly above 5.3% for two qubits, for a modest increase in the number of involved particles it quickly surpasses 99.99%.