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International Conference on Space-Air-Ground Computing (SAGC)

A Lightweight and Efficient Key Generation Scheme for D2D Communication

Rongchun Wu, Chunwei Lou, Hao Wang, Yuedi Li, Hua Xu, Dajiang Chen

Published Dec 1, 2020• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a secret key extraction protocol using interference is proposed in wireless fading channel. It establishes symmetrical keys for two parties in wireless networks via measuring channel gains and utilizes artificial jamming sent by the third party to make the measured channel gains changed quickly. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has a higher key generation rate and key randomness than existing key generation schemes.

DOI
10.1109/sagc50777.2020.00029

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In this paper, a secret key extraction protocol using interference is proposed in wireless fading channel. It establishes symmetrical keys for two parties in wireless networks via measuring channel gains and utilizes artificial jamming sent by the third party to make the measured channel gains changed quickly. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has a higher key generation rate and key randomness than existing key generation schemes.
Key agreement is one the most essential steps when applying cryptographic techniques to secure device‐to‐device (D2D) communications. Recently, several PHY‐based solutions have been proposed by leveraging the channel gains as a common randomness source for key extraction in wireless networks. However, these schemes usually suffer a low rate of key generation and low entropy of generated key and rely on the mobility of devices. In this paper, a novel secret key extraction protocol is proposed by using interference in wireless D2D fading channel. It establishes symmetrical keys for two wireless devices by measuring channel gains and utilizing artificial jamming sent by the third party to change the measured value of channel gains. We give a theoretically reachable key rate of the proposed scheme from the viewpoint of the information theory. It shows that the proposed scheme can make hundred times performance gain than the existing approaches theoretically. Experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve a secure key distribution with a higher key rate and key entropy compared with the existing schemes.
Leveraging a wireless multipath channel as the source of common randomness, many key generation methods have been proposed according to the information-theory security. However, existing schemes suffer a low generation rate and a low entropy, and mainly rely on nodes' mobility. To overcome this limitation, we present a key generation protocol with known artificial interference, named SmokeGrenade, a new physical-layer approach for secret key generation in a narrowband fading channel. Our scheme utilizes artificial interference to contribute to the change of measured values on channel states. Our theoretical analysis shows that the key generation rate increases with the increment of the interference power. Particularly, the achievable key rate of SmokeGrenade gains three times better than that of the traditional key generation schemes when the average interference power is normalized to 1. Simulation results also demonstrate that SmokeGrenade achieves a higher generation rate and entropy compared with some state-of-the-art approaches.
Leveraging a wireless multi-path channel as a source of common randomness, a number of key generation methods have been proposed according to information-theory security. However, by taking the advantages of node's mobility, existing schemes usually have low generation rate or low entropy. To overcome this limitation, we present a key generation protocol with known Artificial Interference, named Smoke Grenade, a new physical-layer approach for secret key generations in a narrowband fading channel. Our scheme utilizes artificial interference to contribute to the change of the measured values on channel states. The theoretical analysis shows that the key generation rate rises with the increment of the interference power. Particularly, the achievable key rate of Smoke Grenade achieves at least four times better than that of traditional key generation schemes when the average interference power is normalized to 1. Simulation results also show that Smoke Grenade has a higher generation rate and entropy compared with some known state-of-the-art approaches.
Device to device (D2D) communication is expected to become a promising technology of the next-generation wireless communication systems. Security issues have become technical barriers of D2D communication due to its “open-air” nature and lack of centralized control. Generating symmetric keys individually on different communication parties without key exchange or distribution is desirable but challenging. Recent work has proposed to extract keys from the measurement of physical layer random variations of a wireless channel, e.g., the channel state information (CSI) from orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Existing CSI-based key extraction methods usually use the measurement results of individual subcarriers. However, our real world experiment results show that CSI measurements from near-by subcarriers have strong correlations and a generated key may have a large proportion of repeated bit segments. Hence attackers may crack the key in a relatively short time and hence reduce the security level of the generated keys. In this work, we propose a fast secret key extraction protocol, called KEEP. KEEP uses a validation-recombination mechanism to obtain consistent secret keys from CSI measurements of all subcarriers. It achieves high security level of the keys and fast key-generation rate. We implement KEEP using off-the-shelf 802.11n devices and evaluate its performance via extensive experiments. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that KEEP is safer and more effective than the state-of-the-art approaches.
To build a secure wireless networking system, it is essential that the cryptographic key is known only to the two (or more) communicating parties. Existing key extraction schemes put the devices into the physical proximity, and utilize the common inherent randomness between the devices to agree on a secret key, but they often rely on custom devices and have low bit rate. In this paper, we seek a key extraction approach that only leverages off-the-shelf mobile devices, while achieving significantly higher key generation efficiency. The core idea of our approach is to exploit fast varying inaudible acoustic channel for generating enough randomness and wireless parallel communication for exchanging reconciliation information to improve the key generation rate. We have carefully studied and validated the feasibility of our approach through both theoretical analysis and a variety of measurements. We implement our approach on different mobile devices and conduct extensive experiments in different real scenarios. The experiment results show that our approach achieves high efficiency and satisfactory robustness. Compared with the state of art methods, our approach improves the key generation rate by 38.46% and reduces the bit mismatch ratio by 42.34%.
Due to the reciprocity of wireless channels, the communication parties can directly extract the shared key from channel. This solution were verified through several schemes. However, in real situations, channel sampling of legitimate transceivers might be impacted by noises and other interferences, which makes the channel states obtained by initiator and responder might be obvious different. The efficiency and even availability of physical layer key generation are thus reduced. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and efficient physical layer key generation scheme, which extract shared secret keys from channel state information (CSI). To improve the key generation process, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is employed to reduce differences of channel states of legitimate transceivers. Then, these outputs are quantified and encoded through multi-bit adaptive quantization(MAQ) quantizer and gray code to generate binary bit sequence, which can greatly reduce the bit error rate. Moreover, the low density parity check (LDPC) code and universal hashing functions are used to achieve information reconciliation and privacy amplifification. By adding preprocessing methods in the key generation process and using the rich information of CSI, the security of communications can be increased on the basis of improving the key generation rate. To evaluate this scheme, a number of experiments in various real environments are conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effificiently generate shared secret keys for nodes and protect their communication.