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Science

A three-node quantum network

Ian S. Osborne

Published Apr 15, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Networks Future quantum networks will provide the means to develop truly secure communication channels and will have applications in many other quantum-based technologies. Pompili et al. present a three-node remote quantum network based on solid-state spin qubits (nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond) coupled by photons. The implementation of two quantum protocols on the network. entanglement distribution and entanglement swapping, illustrates a key platform for exploring, testing, and developing multinode quantum networks and quantum protocols. Science , this issue p. [259][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abg1919

DOI
10.1126/science.372.6539.250-e

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Quantum Networks
Future quantum networks will provide the means to develop truly secure communication channels and will have applications in many other quantum-based technologies. Pompili et al. present a three-node remote quantum network based on solid-state spin qubits (nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond) coupled by photons. The implementation of two quantum protocols on the network. entanglement distribution and entanglement swapping, illustrates a key platform for exploring, testing, and developing multinode quantum networks and quantum protocols.
Science , this issue p. 259
The distribution of entangled states across the nodes of a future quantum internet will unlock fundamentally new technologies. Here, we report on the realization of a three-node entanglement-based quantum network. We combine remote quantum nodes based on diamond communication qubits into a scalable phase-stabilized architecture, supplemented with a robust memory qubit and local quantum logic. In addition, we achieve real-time communication and feed-forward gate operations across the network. We demonstrate two quantum network protocols without postselection: the distribution of genuine multipartite entangled states across the three nodes and entanglement swapping through an intermediary node. Our work establishes a key platform for exploring, testing, and developing multinode quantum network protocols and a quantum network control stack.
We report on the realization of a three-node entanglement-based quantum network. We combine remote quantum nodes based on diamond communication qubits into a scalable phase-stabilized architecture, supplemented with a robust memory qubit and local quantum logic. Also, we achieve real-time communication and feed-forward gate operations across the network. We demonstrate two key quantum network protocols without post-selection: the distribution of genuine multipartite entangled states across the three nodes and entanglement swapping through an intermediary node. Finally, we will discuss the most recent experiments using the network as a platform for exploring, testing, and developing multi-node quantum network protocols and a quantum network control stack.
Abstract Quantum networks play an extremely important role in quantum information science, with application to quantum communication, computation, metrology, and fundamental tests. One of the key challenges for implementing a quantum network is to distribute entangled flying qubits to spatially separated nodes, at which quantum interfaces or transducers map the entanglement onto stationary qubits. The stationary qubits at the separated nodes constitute quantum memories realized in matter while the flying qubits constitute quantum channels realized in photons. Dedicated efforts around the world for more than 20 years have resulted in both major theoretical and experimental progress toward entangling quantum nodes and ultimately building a global quantum network. Here, the development of quantum networks and the experimental progress over the past two decades leading to the current state of the art for generating entanglement of quantum nodes based on various physical systems such as single atoms, cold atomic ensembles, trapped ions, diamonds with nitrogen‐vacancy centers, and solid‐state host doped with rare‐earth ions are reviewed. Along the way, the merits are discussed and the potential of each of these systems toward realizing a quantum network is compared.
Entanglement distributed over a set of individually addressable qubit nodes is the enabling resource for a plethora of applications ranging from tests of quantum physics to secure and modular quantum information networks. Entanglement between two memory qubits has been realized on various platforms, but extension to more nodes remains rare and formidably challenging. The principal bottleneck is the efficiency of the light-matter interfaces connecting the qubit nodes to their communication channels. Here, we efficiently generate, distribute and store a three-qubit entangled state across three independent laboratories containing single atoms coupled to optical resonators. We sequentially entangle the atoms pairwise, two by heralded photonic entanglement swapping and two by heralded state transfer. We reach a three-qubit entanglement fidelity of 77(1)% and an entanglement lifetime above 200us. The observed qubit correlations violate Mermin's inequality while closing the detection loophole. Our three-qubit entanglement-generation efficiency is 0.16%. This unprecedented efficiency of our scheme establishes a clear route towards multi-node quantum networks.
Quantum networks enable applications ranging from quantum secure communication to distributed quantum computing and quantum-enhanced non-local sensing. Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond nano-photonic cavities are a strong candidate platform for quantum networking due to their access to multiple qubits, high operation fidelities, and an efficient matter qubit-photon interface. In this thesis, I provide a background overview of both the field of quantum networking in general and the experimental platform of SiVs in diamond nano-photonic cavities. The thesis shows experimental demonstrations of SiVs from the last six years, including the development of the 29SiV as a quantum node with a two-qubit register and the subsequent remote entanglement of two such nodes over a metropolitan fiber. With this two-node network of SiVs, we implement two quantum networking applications. The first application, blind quantum computing, allows a user to remotely run an arbitrary algorithm on a quantum computer by controlling the measurement basis of photons they receive from the quantum computer, while the quantum computer receives no information about the implemented algorithm. We demonstrate a full blind quantum gate set required to implement an arbitrary quantum algorithm with information-theoretic security. The second application is entanglement-assisted remote optical interferometry. This experiment shows how remotely entangled SiVs can assist the phase sensitivity of long-baseline telescope arrays to better observe weak thermal photonic signals. I finally provide some remarks and propose future directions for the SiV as a quantum networking platform