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Random Networks with Quantum Boolean Functions

Mario Franco, Octavio Zapata, David A. Rosenblueth, Carlos Gershenson

Published Apr 7, 2021• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose quantum Boolean networks, which can be classified as deterministic reversible asynchronous Boolean networks. This model is based on the previously developed concept of quantum Boolean functions. A quantum Boolean network is a Boolean network where the functions associated with the nodes are quantum Boolean functions. We study some properties of this novel model and, using a quantum simulator, we study how the dynamics change in function of connectivity of the network and the set of operators we allow. For some configurations, this model resembles the behavior of reversible Boolean networks, while for other configurations a more complex dynamic can emerge. For example, cycles larger than 2N were observed. Additionally, using a scheme akin to one used previously with random Boolean networks, we computed the average entropy and complexity of the networks. As opposed to classic random Boolean networks, where “complex” dynamics are restricted mainly to a connectivity close to a phase transition, quantum Boolean networks can exhibit stable, complex, and unstable dynamics independently of their connectivity.

DOI
10.3390/math9080792

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We propose quantum Boolean networks, which can be classified as deterministic reversible asynchronous Boolean networks. This model is based on the previously developed concept of quantum Boolean functions. A quantum Boolean network is a Boolean network where the functions associated with the nodes are quantum Boolean functions. We study some properties of this novel model and, using a quantum simulator, we study how the dynamics change in function of connectivity of the network and the set of operators we allow. For some configurations, this model resembles the behavior of reversible Boolean networks, while for other configurations a more complex dynamic can emerge. For example, cycles larger than 2N were observed. Additionally, using a scheme akin to one used previously with random Boolean networks, we computed the average entropy and complexity of the networks. As opposed to classic random Boolean networks, where “complex” dynamics are restricted mainly to a connectivity close to a phase transition, quantum Boolean networks can exhibit stable, complex, and unstable dynamics independently of their connectivity.
We propose quantum Boolean networks, which can be classified as deterministic reversible asynchronous Boolean networks. This model is based on the previously developed concept of quantum Boolean functions. A quantum Boolean network is a Boolean network where the functions associated with the nodes are quantum Boolean functions. We study some properties of this novel model and, using a quantum simulator, we study how the dynamics change in function of connectivity of the network and the set of operators we allow. For some configurations, this model resembles the behavior of reversible Boolean networks, while for other configurations a more complex dynamic can emerge. For example, cycles larger than 2N were observed. Additionally, using a scheme akin to one used previously with random Boolean networks, we computed the average entropy and complexity of the networks. As opposed to classic random Boolean networks, where “complex” dynamics are restricted mainly to a connectivity close to a phase transition, quantum Boolean networks can exhibit stable, complex, and unstable dynamics independently of their connectivity.
We investigate dynamical properties of a quantum generalization of classical reversible Boolean networks. The state of each node is encoded as a single qubit, and classical Boolean logic operations are supplemented by controlled bit-flip and Hadamard operations. We consider synchronous updating schemes in which each qubit is updated at each step based on stored values of the qubits from the previous step. We investigate the periodic or quasiperiodic behavior of quantum networks, and we analyze the propagation of single site perturbations through the quantum networks with input degree one. A non-classical mechanism for perturbation propagation leads to substantially different evolution of the Hamming distance between the original and perturbed states.
Boolean networks, first developed in the late 1960s as a tool for studying complex disordered dynamical systems, consist of nodes governed by Boolean functions whose evolution is entirely deterministic in that the state of the network at a given time fully determines the state of the network at some future time. They are known for exhibiting a high degree of spontaneous order and have since become a fundamental tool for modeling a wide variety of systems. In this article I develop a model for quantum autonomous Boolean networks that exhibits many of the same properties as the classical model while also demonstrating uniquely quantum properties within a rich landscape of behavior.
We investigate dynamical properties of a quantum generalization of classical reversible Boolean networks. The state of each node is encoded as a single qubit, and classical Boolean logic operations are supplemented by controlled bit-flip and Hadamard operations. We consider synchronous updating schemes in which each qubit is updated at each step based on stored values of the qubits from the previous step. We investigate the periodic or quasiperiodic behavior of quantum networks, and we analyze the propagation of single site perturbations through the quantum networks with input degree one. A nonclassical mechanism for perturbation propagation leads to substantially different evolution of the Hamming distance between the original and perturbed states.
Reversible circuits are a concrete model of reversible computation with applications in areas such as quantum computing and analysis of cryptographic block cyphers. In 1980, Toffoli showed how to realize a Boolean function by a reversible circuit, however the resulting complexity of such circuits has remained an open problem. We investigate the reversible circuit complexity of families of Boolean functions and derive conditions that characterize whether a polynomial realization is possible. First, we derive sufficient conditions on families of Boolean functions that guarantee a polynomial-size reversible circuit realization. Namely, we show that if a Boolean function can be embedded into an even parity permutation that has a polynomial-size cycle representation, then the Boolean function can be realized by a polynomial-size reversible circuit. Furthermore, we provide a construction for the realization. Second, we provide concrete realizations for several families of Boolean functions, such as the adder, incrementor, and threshold functions, which do not necessarily satisfy the preceding condition, but still have polynomial-size realizations; this is important because such realizations will necessarily form the building blocks of quantum computers.
Networks constitute efficient tools for assessing universal features of complex systems. In physical contexts, classical as well as quantum networks are used to describe a wide range of phenomena, such as phase transitions, intricate aspects of many-body quantum systems, or even characteristic features of a future quantum internet. Random quantum networks and their associated directed graphs are employed for capturing statistically dominant features of complex quantum systems. Here, we develop an efficient iterative method capable of evaluating the probability of a graph being strongly connected. It is proven that random directed graphs with constant edge-establishing probability are typically strongly connected, i.e., any ordered pair of vertices is connected by a directed path. This typical topological property of directed random graphs is exploited to demonstrate universal features of the asymptotic evolution of large random qubit networks. These results are independent of our knowledge of the details of the network topology. These findings suggest that other highly complex networks, such as a future quantum internet, may also exhibit similar universal properties.