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Electron Matter-Waves as Electromagnetically Induced Crystal Oscillator Effects

Joseph A Hazani

Published Apr 8, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The famed Davisson-Germer Experiments demonstrated the wave phenomenon of electrons similarly to X-Ray scattering from Sir Lawrence Bragg’s X-ray experimentations on crystals c. 1913. Their empirical deduction of electrons behaving as waves (i.e. oscillatory) ignores the possibility of an electron beam behaving harmonically upon elastic collision with a diffraction grating - represented by nickel crystal - in their experiment. However, it is well established in the electrical engineering science that crystals possess piezoelectric effects and are used ubiquitously in electronic circuit designs for causing stable harmonic oscillation responses to direct current voltages. In light of this, the current mathematical model proposes the Davisson-Germer results to be the effect of a nickel crystal oscillator circuit which amplifies a direct voltage source – the electron beam – causing the phenomenon of inductance from the resultant electrical feedback with the crystal atom’s electromagnetic field.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-403344/v1

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Abstract The famed Davisson-Germer Experiments demonstrated the wave phenomenon of electrons similarly to X-Ray scattering from Sir Lawrence Bragg’s X-ray experimentations on crystals c. 1913. Their empirical deduction of electrons behaving as waves (i.e. oscillatory) ignores the possibility of an electron beam behaving harmonically upon elastic collision with a diffraction grating - represented by nickel crystal - in their experiment. However, it is well established in the electrical engineering science that crystals possess piezoelectric effects and are used ubiquitously in electronic circuit designs for causing stable harmonic oscillation responses to direct current voltages. In light of this, the current mathematical model proposes the Davisson-Germer results to be the effect of a nickel crystal oscillator circuit which amplifies a direct voltage source – the electron beam – causing the phenomenon of inductance from the resultant electrical feedback with the crystal atom’s electromagnetic field.
Among the secondary effects produced in an X-ray, or cathode ray tube, there is one which is of special interest to physicists because it seems to throw some light on the question as to the nature of an electron. It appears that when a pencil of cathode rays falls upon the surface of a metal crystal, some of the rays are reflected, or “scattered,” and that the intensity of the scattered rays is greatest in certain directions, so that on a photographic plate placed to receive them, a diffraction pattern is produced as with X rays. The experiment proves that electrons, which were till recently supposed to be merely “particles,” really consist (like X rays), of waves, or at any rate have waves associated with them. It is to these waves associated with electrons, or “electron waves” as they are called, that I propose to devote my remarks this evening. The effect was first observed experimentally in 1927, by Davisson and Germer, who reflected cathode rays from a nickel crystal and, using an electrical method of detection, found maxima of intensity in certain directions. From the positions of the maxima and the known spacing constants of nickel they were able to deduce the wave-length of the electron waves. Later in the same year Professor G. P. Thomson obtained similar effects by transmitting cathode rays through thin metal films and receiving them on a photographic plate.
This article is taken from the manuscript prepared by the author for his address at the joint meeting of Section B of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society on December 28, 1927, at Nashville, Tennessee. An account of this work giving fuller experimental details is given by Davisson and Germer in the December, 1927, issue of the Physical Review. These experiments are fundamental to some of the newer theories in physics. Until they were performed, it could be said that all experimental facts about the electron could be explained by regarding it as a particle of negative electricity. It now appears that in some way a “wave-length” is connected with the electron's behavior. The work thus shows an interesting contrast with the discovery of A. H. Compton that a ray of light (a light pulse) suffers a change of wave-length upon impact with an electron, the change of wave-length corresponding exactly to the momentum gained by the electron. Until Compton's work, all the known facts about light could be explained by thinking of light as a wave motion. The Compton effect seems to prove the existence of particles of light. Physics is thus faced with a double duality. Compton showed that light is in some sense both a wave motion and a stream of particles. Davisson and Germer have now shown that a beam of electrons is in some sense both a stream of particles and a wave motion. At the same time, theoretical advances have been made which seem to pave the way for an understanding of this curious situation. A general account of these new developments was given by K. K. Darrow in his series “Contemporary Advances in Physics” in the Bell System Technical Journal for October, 1927. Some remarks on the relation of the Davisson and Germer experiments to the new mechanics were given in this article, p. 692 et seq. — Editor.
De Broglie proposed the matter wave in 1924. The de Broglie wave is neither a mechanical wave nor an electromagnetic wave and has a very short wavelength. The Davisson-Germer electron diffraction experiment performed in 1925 involved bombarding the surface of a nickel crystal with a narrow beam of electrons. When the accelerating voltage V was maintained at 54 V, the wavelength of the incident electron was λ=h/ 2 m e V = 0.167 nm [Y. S. Chen and Z. Z. Li, College Physics (Tianjin University, Tianjin, 1999)] demonstrating the existence of the matter wave. We introduce a type of electron wave with a very long wavelength in this study that is different from the matter wave. For example, the wavelength of the electron wave can reach 0.43 mm in the double-slit interference of electrons. Experiments demonstrate that this long-wavelength electron wave can produce both double-slit interference and electron diffraction. A comparative analysis of matter and electron waves reveals the physical natures of these waves and wave‐particle duality.