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A numerical study of entanglement measures of clusters joined by a point contact.

Barry Friedman, Alyssa Horne

Published Apr 1, 2021• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The ground state of an antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on L X L clusters joined by a single bond and balanced Bethe clusters are investigated with quantum Monte Carlo and mean field theory. The improved Monte Carlo method of Sandvik and Evertz is used and the observables include valence bond and loop valence bond observables introduced by Lin and Sandvik as well as the valence bond entropy and the second Renyi entropy. For the bisecting of the Bethe cluster, in disagreement with our previous results and in agreement with mean field theory, the valence loop entropy and the second Renyi entropy scale as the log of the number of sites in the cluster. For bisecting the L X L - L X L clusters, all the observables appear to scale as L in agreement with our previous results. This is in disagreement with a straight forward application of the area law.

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The ground state of an antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on L X L clusters joined by a single bond and balanced Bethe clusters are investigated with quantum Monte Carlo and mean field theory. The improved Monte Carlo method of Sandvik and Evertz is used and the observables include valence bond and loop valence bond observables introduced by Lin and Sandvik as well as the valence bond entropy and the second Renyi entropy. For the bisecting of the Bethe cluster, in disagreement with our previous results and in agreement with mean field theory, the valence loop entropy and the second Renyi entropy scale as the log of the number of sites in the cluster. For bisecting the L X L - L X L clusters, all the observables appear to scale as L in agreement with our previous results. This is in disagreement with a straight forward application of the area law.
The ground state of an antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on L X L clusters joined by a single bond and balanced Bethe clusters are investigated with quantum Monte Carlo and modified spin-wave theory. The improved Monte Carlo method of Sandvik and Evertz is used and the observables include valence bond and loop valence bond observables introduced by Lin and Sandvik as well as the valence bond entropy and the second Renyi entropy. For the bisecting of the Bethe cluster, in disagreement with our previous results and in agreement with modified spin-wave theory, the valence loop entropy and the second Renyi entropy scale as the logarithm of the number of sites in the cluster. For bisecting the L X L - L X L clusters, the valence bond entropy scales as L, however, the loop entropy and the entanglement entropy scale as ln(L). For the entanglement entropy, the coefficient of the logarithm, the number of Goldstone modes/2, is universal and is the analogue of the sub leading term of a LXL cluster. This result was substantiated by a modified spin-wave theory calculation for the ferromagnetic X-Y model. Taken together, the calculations suggest that linking high entanglement objects will not generate much more entanglement. As a consequence, simulating the ground state of clusters joined together by a few bonds should not be much more difficult than simulating the ground state of a single cluster.
In this thesis we examine methods for measuring entanglement entropy in spin-1/2 Heisenberg systems using quantum Monte Carlo in the valence bond basis. We begin by presenting the quantum Monte Carlo techniques used in this research. We then use these techniques to directly compare the recently proposed valence bond entanglement entropy to the standard definition of entanglement entropy: the von Neumann entanglement entropy. We find that the valence bond entanglement entropy does not give a bound on the von Neumann entanglement entropy, and that it exhibits a multiplicative logarithmic correction to the area law that is not present in the scaling of the von Neumann entanglement entropy. We then present a method to measure higher orders of the generalized Renyi entanglement entropies using valence bond quantum Monte Carlo, and show results for the second Renyi entropy. We find the results converge to the exact results for one dimensional Heisenberg spin-1/2 chains, and see that the scaling of the second Renyi entropy follows an area law in the two dimensional Heisenberg ground state.
Numerical evidence is presented for a nearest neighbor Heisenberg spin model on a Bethe cluster, that by bisecting the cluster, the generalized Renyi entropy scales as the number of sites in the cluster. This disagrees with spin wave calculations and a naive application of the area law but agrees with previous results for non interacting fermions on the Bethe cluster. It seems this scaling is not an artifact of non interacting particles. As a consequence, the area law in greater then one dimension is more subtle then generally thought and applications of the density matrix renormalization group to Bethe clusters face difficulties at least as a matter of principle.
We develop a quantum Monte Carlo procedure, in the valence bond basis, to measure the Renyi entanglement entropy of a many-body ground state as the expectation value of a unitary Swap operator acting on two copies of the system. An improved estimator involving the ratio of Swap operators for different subregions enables convergence of the entropy in a simulation time polynomial in the system size. We demonstrate convergence of the Renyi entropy to exact results for a Heisenberg chain. Finally, we calculate the scaling of the Renyi entropy in the two-dimensional Heisenberg model and confirm that the Néel ground state obeys the expected area law for systems up to linear size L=32.
We introduce for SU(2) quantum spin systems the valence bond entanglement entropy as a counting of valence bond spin singlets shared by two subsystems. For a large class of antiferromagnetic systems, it can be calculated in all dimensions with quantum Monte Carlo simulations in the valence bond basis. We show numerically that this quantity displays all features of the von Neumann entanglement entropy for several one-dimensional systems. For two-dimensional Heisenberg models, we find a strict area law for a valence bond solid state and multiplicative logarithmic corrections for the Néel phase.
The valence-bond structure of spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnets is closely related to quantum entanglement. We investigate measures of entanglement entropy based on transition graphs, which characterize state overlaps in the overcomplete valence-bond basis. The transition graphs can be generated using projector Monte Carlo simulations of ground states of specific Hamiltonians or using importance sampling of valence-bond configurations of amplitude-product states. We consider definitions of entanglement entropy based on the bonds or loops shared by two subsystems (bipartite entanglement). Results for the bond-based definition agree with a previously studied definition using valence-bond wave functions (instead of the transition graphs, which involve two states). For the one-dimensional Heisenberg chain, with uniform or random coupling constants, the prefactor of the logarithmic divergence with the size of the smaller subsystem agrees with exact results. For the ground state of the two-dimensional Heisenberg model (and also N\'eel-ordered amplitude-product states), there is a similar multiplicative violation of the area law. In contrast, the loop-based entropy obeys the area law in two dimensions while still violating it in one dimension---both behaviors in accord with expectations for proper measures of entanglement entropy.