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中国科学通报：英文版

Design and fabrication of superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers with background limited noise performance

Qingya, Zhang, Jian-She, Liu, Wenhui, Dong, Tianshun, Wang, Genfang, He, Tie-Fu, Li, Xingxiang, Zhou, Wei, Chen

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
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The origin and the evolution of the universe are concealed in the evanescent diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA). To reveal these signals, the development of innovative ultra-sensitive bolometers operating in the gigahertz band is required. Here, we review the design and experimental realization of two bias-current-tunable sensors based on one dimensional fully superconducting Josephson junctions: the nanoscale transition edge sensor (nano-TES) and the Josephson escape sensor (JES). In particular, we cover the theoretical basis of the sensors operation, the device fabrication, their experimental electronic and thermal characterization and the deduced detection performance. Indeed, the nano-TES promises a state-of-the-art noise equivalent power (NEP) of about 5×10−20 W/Hz, while the JES active region is expected to show an unprecedented NEP of the order of 10−25 W/Hz. Therefore, the nano-TES and JES are strong candidates to push radio astronomy to the next level.
The development of planar fabrication techniques for superconducting transition-edge sensors has brought large-scale arrays of 1000 pixels or more to the realm of practicality. This raises the problem of reading out a large number of sensors with a tractable number of connections. A possible solution is frequency-domain multiplexing. I summarize basic principles, present various circuit topologies, and discuss design trade-offs, noise performance, cross-talk and dynamic range. The design of a practical device and its readout system is described with a discussion of fabrication issues, practical limits and future prospects.
We describe the fabrication and characterization of superconducting transition-edge bolometers for astrophysical applications at far-infrared and mm wavelengths. The sensor is voltage biased and the current is measured with a superconducting quantum interference ammeter. Strong negative electrothermal feedback keeps the sensor temperature nearly constant, reduces the response time significantly, and improves linearity. It also makes the responsivity relatively insensitive to changes in optical background loading and refrigerator temperature. The bolometers are made using standard microlithographic techniques suitable for fabrication of large scale arrays. Detailed measurements of optical response are presented for a range of bias conditions and are compared with theory. Measured noise spectra are shown and a model for the noise is presented.