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THERMODYNAMICS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL SOLVABLE MODELS

Minora Takahashi

Published Jan 1, 2009• 30 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Part I. Thermodynamics of Non-Interacting Systems and Ground States on Interacting Systems: 1. Free energy and correlation functions of XY models 2. Systems with delta-function potential 3. Isotropic Heisenberg model 4. XXZ model 5. XYZ and eight-vertex models 6. Hubbard model Part II. Finite Temperature Integral Equations for Un-Nested Systems: 7. Repulsive delta-function bosons 8. Thermodynamics of the XXX chain 9. Thermodynamics of the XXZ model 10. Thermodynamics of the XYZ model 11. Low-temperature thermodynamics Part III. Finite Temperature Integral Equations for Nested Systems: 12. S=1/2 fermions with repulsive potential in the continuum 13. S=1/2 fermions with an attractive potential 14. Thermodynamics of the Hubbard model Part IV. Quantum Transfer Matrix and Recent Developments: 15. Transfer matrix and correlation length 16. The spin 1/2 XXZ model in a magnetic field 17. The XYZ model with no magnetic field 18. Recent developments and related topics.

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Part I. Thermodynamics of Non-Interacting Systems and Ground States on Interacting Systems: 1. Free energy and correlation functions of XY models 2. Systems with delta-function potential 3. Isotropic Heisenberg model 4. XXZ model 5. XYZ and eight-vertex models 6. Hubbard model Part II. Finite Temperature Integral Equations for Un-Nested Systems: 7. Repulsive delta-function bosons 8. Thermodynamics of the XXX chain 9. Thermodynamics of the XXZ model 10. Thermodynamics of the XYZ model 11. Low-temperature thermodynamics Part III. Finite Temperature Integral Equations for Nested Systems: 12. S=1/2 fermions with repulsive potential in the continuum 13. S=1/2 fermions with an attractive potential 14. Thermodynamics of the Hubbard model Part IV. Quantum Transfer Matrix and Recent Developments: 15. Transfer matrix and correlation length 16. The spin 1/2 XXZ model in a magnetic field 17. The XYZ model with no magnetic field 18. Recent developments and related topics.
Introduction to Integrable Many-Body Systems II This is the second part of a three-volume introductory course about integrable systems of interacting bodies. The models of interest are quantum spin chains with nearest-neighbor interactions between spin operators, in particular Heisenberg spin-1/2 models. The Ising model in a transverse field, expressible as a quadratic fermion form by using the Jordan-Wigner transformation, is the subject of Sect. 12. The derivation of the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the XXZ Heisenberg chain and the determination of its absolute ground state in various regions of the anisotropy parameter are presented in Sect. 13. The magnetic properties of the ground state are explained in Sect. 14. Sect. 15 concerns excited states and the zero-temperature thermodynamics of the XXZ model. The thermodynamics of the XXZ Heisenberg chain is derived on the basis of the string hypothesis in Sect. 16; the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are analyzed in high-temperature and low-temperature limits. An alternative derivation of the thermodynamics without using strings, leading to a non-linear integral equation determining the free energy, is the subject of Sect. 17. A nontrivial application of the Quantum Inverse Scattering method to the fully anisotropic XYZ Heisenberg chain is described in Sect. 18. Sect. 19 deals with integrable cases of isotropic spin chains with an arbitrary spin.
In this thesis, we investigate thermodynamic properties, magnetic phase transitions and correlation functions of integrable quantum many-body systems in the field of ultracold atomic gases. The scope of our investigation encompasses three models in one-dimension that are integrable by means of the Bethe ansatz method. They are the multi-component 5-interacting Fermi gas, the spin-l Bose gas with antiferromagnetic spin interaction and the SU(2) spinor Bose gas with finite-range Gaussian interaction. We derive the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations for the general SU(k) Fermi gas. We illustrate the root patterns and give a quantitative description of the ground state properties for the strongly and weakly interacting regimes. The thermodynamics and magnetic phase transitions are described quantitatively by means of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations. We find that all phase transitions in the attractive regime are of second order with a linear field dependent magnetization in the vicinities of critical points. The SU(2) Fermi gas is studied in more detail. The low temperature thermodynamics for the repulsive case is derived by means of the Wiener-Hopf technique. Finite-size corrections and correlation functions for both the repulsive and attractive cases are derived from the nested Bethe ansatz equations and conformal field theory. In the attractive case, we show that spatial oscillations of the leading terms in the pair correlation function and spin correlation function solely depend on the mismatch between Fermi surfaces of spin-up and spin-down fermions. Such spatial modulations are characteristic of a Fulde- Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state. For the spin-l Bose gas with antiferromagnetic spin interaction, we find that at zero temperature, the system exhibits three quantum phases: a phase with singlet pairs of bosons, a fully-polarized Tonks-Girardeau gas phase of unpaired ms = 1 bosons, and a mixed phase of singlet pairs and unpaired ms = 1 bosons. Phase transitions in the vicinities of the critical fields are also of second order with a linear field dependent magnetization. Finally, we use the asymptotic Bethe ansatz method to derive the quasimomenta distribution and ground state energy for the SU(2) spinor Bose gas with finite-range Gaussian interaction. We show that finite range potentials are more likely to lead to quasi Bose-Einstein condensation than zero range potentials by studying the spatial density profiles as the interaction width increases.
This chapter reviews the various techniques developed for the study of the thermodynamics of integrable systems at the example of the simplest one, namely the spin-12 Heisenberg chain. As a matter of fact, the strict ground state is inaccessible due to the very fundamentals of thermodynamics. The minimization of the free energy functional yields what is known as the thermodynamical Bethe ansatz. Application of thermodynamical data of quantum spin chains is the microscopic modelling of magnetic systems such as spin-Peierls compounds and ladder systems. The microscopic interactions of a given substance are determined by a comparative analysis of the experimental results for the susceptibility and the theoretical data obtained for a model. Lowering the temperature, the systems enter a large regime with non-universal correlations and finally approach the quantum critical point at exactly zero temperature showing again universal yet nontrivial properties with divergent correlation lengths governed by conformal field theory.
A Survey by the Editors.- I.1 Violation of the Noncrossing Rule: The Hubbard Hamiltonian for Benzene.- I.2 Two Theorems on the Hubbard Model.- I.3 The Hubbard Model: Some Rigorous Results and Open Problems.- I.4 Flux Phase of the Half-Filled Band.- II.1 Proof of the Peierls Instability in One Dimension.- II.2 Stability of the Peierls Instability for Ring Shaped Molecules.- III.1 A Model for Crystallization: A Variation on the Hubbard Model.- III.2 Phase Separation due to Quantum Mechanical Correlations.- IV.1 Theory of Ferromagnetism and the Ordering of Electronic Energy Levels.- IV.2 Ordering Energy Levels of Interacting Spin Systems.- IV.3 Magnetic Properties of Some Itinerant-Electron Systems at T > 0.- V.1 Phase Transitions in Reservoir-Driven Open Systems with Applications to Lasers and Superconductors.- V.2 Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Matter Interacting with the Quantized Radiation Field.- V.3 Constructive Macroscopic Quantum Electrodynamics.- V.4 The Laser: A Reversible Quantum Dynamical System with Irreversible Classical Macroscopic Motion.- VI.1 A Proof of Part of Haldane's Conjecture on Spin Chains.- VI.2 Rigorous Results on Valence-Bond Ground States in Antiferromagnets.- VI.3 Valence Bond Ground States in Isotropic Quantum Antiferromagnets.- VI.4 Ground State Properties of a Fully Frustrated Quantum Spin System.- VII.1 Exact Ground State Energy of the Strong-Coupling Polaron.- VIII.1 Simplified Approach to the Ground-State Energy of an Imperfect Bose Gas.- VIII.2 Bose-Einstein Quantum Phase Transition in an Optical Lattice Model.- VIII.3 The Quantum-Mechanical Many-Body Problem: The Bose Gas.- Some of the Early History of Exactly Soluble Models.- IX.1 Exact Solution of the Problem of the Entropy of Two-Dimensional Ice.- IX.2 Exact Solution of the F Model of an Antiferroelectric.- IX.3 Exact Solution of the Two-Dimensional Slater KDP Model of a Ferroelectric.- IX.4 Residual Entropy of Square Ice.- IX.5 Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Models.- IX.6 Relations Between the 'Percolation' and 'Colouring' Problem and Other Graph-Theoretical Problems Associated with Regular Planar Lattices: Some Exact Results for the 'Percolation' Problem.- IX.7 Analytic Properties of the Free Energy for the Ice Models.- X.1 Two-Dimensional Ising Model as a Soluble Problem of Many Fermions.- X.2 Solution of the Dimer Problem by the Transfer Matrix Method.- XI.1 Two Soluble Models of an Antiferromagnetic Chain.- XII.1 Exact Analysis of an Interacting Bose Gas. I. The General Solution and the Ground State.- XII.2 Exact Analysis of an Interacting Bose Gas. II. The Excitation Spectrum.- XIII.1 Delta-Function Fermi Gas with Two-Spin Deviates.- XIII.2 Absence of Mott Transition in an Exact Solution of the Short-Range, One-Band Model on One Dimension.- XIV.1 Exact Solution of a Many-Fermion System and Its Associated Boson Field.- Selecta of Elliott H. Lieb.- Publications of Elliott H. Lieb.
Introduction to Integrable Many-Body systems III This is the third part of a three-volume introductory course about integrable systems of interacting bodies. The emphasis is put onto the method of Thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. Two kinds of integrable models are studied. Systems of itinerant electrons, forming a part of Condensed Matter Physics, involve the Hubbard lattice model of electrons with short-ranged one-site interactions (Sect. 20) and the s-d exchange Kondo model (Sect. 21), describing the scattering of conduction electrons on a spin-s impurity. Methods and basic concepts used in Quantum Field Theory are explained on the integrable (1 + 1)-dimensional sine-Gordon model. We start with the classical description of the model in Sect. 22, analyze its finite energy field configurations (soliton, anti-soliton and breathers) and show its classical integrability. The model is quantized by using two schemes: the conformal (Sect. 23) and Lagrangian (Sect. 24) quantizations. The scattering matrix of the sine-Gordon theory is derived at the full quantum level in the bootstrap scheme and is compared to its classical limit in Sect. 25. The parameters of the scattering matrix are related to those of the Lagrangian by calculating the ground-state energy in an applied magnetic field in two ways: Conformal perturbation theory and Thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (Sect. 26). The relation of the sine-Gordon theory to the XXZ Heisenberg model, which provides a complete solution of the sine-Gordon model in a finite volume, is pointed out in Sect. 27. The obtained results are applied in Sect. 28. to the derivation of the exact thermodynamics for the (symmetric) two-component Coulomb gas; this is the first classical two-dimensional fluid with exactly solvable thermodynamics.