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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Complete characterization of weak-homodyne photon-number-resolving detectors: Applications to non-classical photonic state reconstructions

Coldenstrodt-Ronge, Puentes, Cohen, Noriega, Yang, Lundeen, Smith, Walmsley

Published Jan 1, 2010• 0 citations
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A novel detector combining phase sensitivity and photon-number resolution is experimentally characterized by measuring its positive-operator-value measurement set. Direct application to tomographic reconstruction of heralded single-photon states is presented.

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Quantum optics is central to emerging quantum technologies such as quantum metrology and quantum information. The continuous variable (CV) approach to encoding information in a physical system, for example the electromagnetic field quadratures has significant advantages over discrete variables (DV) encoding. CV offers higher density encoding in a single optical state and on-demand state preparation for example. However, techniques for CV preparation, manipulation and measurement are not as well developed as the corresponding DV approach. In this thesis we present methods to characterize quantum detectors that operate in the CV regime, and discuss their application to CV state preparation. A quantum detector is described by its positive operator valued measure (POVM) set, with one operator for each measurement outcome. We present an experimental scheme for detector tomography, that is reconstruction of the POVM set of an unknown detector by means of measurement outcomes for a set of tomographically complete input states. We use this scheme to experimentally determine the POVM set of an avalanche photodiode (APD) and a time-multiplexed-detector (TMD) and compare the results to models of the detectors. We introduce a weak-homodyne photon-number-resolving detector (PNRD) , which uses a weak local oscillator beam to set a phase reference for the detection process. We develop a theoretical description of the sensitivity regimes for this detector using the Wigner phase space picture. We also present experimental detector tomography for a weak-homodyne detector based on two APDs. In many cases it is sufficient to calibrate the efficiencies of previously characterized PNRDs. We experimentally demonstrate a scheme using correlated photons produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) to determine the efficiencies of PNRDs, based on the photon number statistics of the source. The same SPDC source is also used to demonstrate preparation of photonic states in the photon number basis and for a first proof-of-principle experiment with a weak-homodyne PNRD based on a TMD.

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We experimentally demonstrate the reconstruction of a photon number conditioned state without using a photon number discriminating detector. By using only phase randomized homodyne measurements, we reconstruct up to the three photon subtracted squeezed vacuum state. The reconstructed Wigner functions of these states show regions of pronounced negativity, signifying the non-classical nature of the reconstructed states. The techniques presented allow for complete characterization of the role of a conditional measurement on an ensemble of states, and might prove useful in systems where photon counting still proves technically challenging.

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Electronic-photonic integrated homodyne detectors for quantum state measurement

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Quantum optics is central to emerging quantum technologies such as quantum metrology and quantum information. The continuous variable (CV) approach to encoding information in a physical system, for example the electromagnetic field quadratures has significant advantages over discrete variables (DV) encoding. CV offers higher density encoding in a single optical state and on-demand state preparation for example. However, techniques for CV preparation, manipulation and measurement are not as well developed as the corresponding DV approach. In this thesis we present methods to characterize quantum detectors that operate in the CV regime, and discuss their application to CV state preparation. A quantum detector is described by its positive operator valued measure (POVM) set, with one operator for each measurement outcome. We present an experimental scheme for detector tomography, that is reconstruction of the POVM set of an unknown detector by means of measurement outcomes for a set of tomographically complete input states. We use this scheme to experimentally determine the POVM set of an avalanche photodiode (APD) and a time-multiplexed-detector (TMD) and compare the results to models of the detectors. We introduce a weak-homodyne photon-number-resolving detector (PNRD) , which uses a weak local oscillator beam to set a phase reference for the detection process. We develop a theoretical description of the sensitivity regimes for this detector using the Wigner phase space picture. We also present experimental detector tomography for a weak-homodyne detector based on two APDs. In many cases it is sufficient to calibrate the efficiencies of previously characterized PNRDs. We experimentally demonstrate a scheme using correlated photons produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) to determine the efficiencies of PNRDs, based on the photon number statistics of the source. The same SPDC source is also used to demonstrate preparation of photonic states in the photon number basis and for a first proof-of-principle experiment with a weak-homodyne PNRD based on a TMD.
We experimentally demonstrate the reconstruction of a photon number conditioned state without using a photon number discriminating detector. By using only phase randomized homodyne measurements, we reconstruct up to the three photon subtracted squeezed vacuum state. The reconstructed Wigner functions of these states show regions of pronounced negativity, signifying the non-classical nature of the reconstructed states. The techniques presented allow for complete characterization of the role of a conditional measurement on an ensemble of states, and might prove useful in systems where photon counting still proves technically challenging.