Abstract Quantum communication has been extensively studied and continuously developed due to its theoretical absolute security. In this work, a novel multiparty quantum communication protocol based on quantum stabilizer codes (QSC) is proposed. Firstly, a trusted third party provides quantum identity authentication (QIA) for users. Secondly, users prepare quantum multiparticle entangled states for transmitting secret information. Thirdly, the secret information is encoded by the QSC to resist channel noise. A part of the encoded qubits is selected to detect the security of the communication. In this protocol, QIA prevents active attacks such as impersonation attacks; the physical laws of quantum entangled state ensure information security; the theory of QSC corrects the flipping errors of qubits, and improves the communication efficiency. In addition, we prove the security of the protocol, and further verify the communication efficiency. Compared with existing protocols, this protocol has better performance on communication efficiency.
Abstract Quantum communication has been extensively studied and continuously developed due to its theoretical absolute security. In this work, a novel multiparty quantum communication protocol based on quantum stabilizer codes (QSC) is proposed. Firstly, a trusted third party provides quantum identity authentication (QIA) for users. Secondly, users prepare quantum multiparticle entangled states for transmitting secret information. Thirdly, the secret information is encoded by the QSC to resist channel noise. A part of the encoded qubits is selected to detect the security of the communication. In this protocol, QIA prevents active attacks such as impersonation attacks; the physical laws of quantum entangled state ensure information security; the theory of QSC corrects the flipping errors of qubits, and improves the communication efficiency. In addition, we prove the security of the protocol, and further verify the communication efficiency. Compared with existing protocols, this protocol has better performance on communication efficiency.
Due to the better robustness of entangled W state,it is considered to be better qualified as information carrier for quantum information processing and quantum secure communication. Recently,many kinds of quantum direct communication protocols based on four-particle W state or three-particle asymmetric W state have been proposed. However,these protocols either have low communication efficiency or are difficult to be implemented in physics experiment. By utilizing three-particle W state and the mechanism of quantum identity authentication,a new deterministic secure quantum communication protocol was proposed. This protocol consisted of five parts: authentication code generating,quantum states preparation,quantum states distribution,eavesdropping check and identity authentication,and information communication. The two participants only needed to perform the two-particle Bell measurement,the single-particle Z-basis or X-basis measurement,and the communication efficiency was also improved: One W state can transmit one classical bit of information. The security analysis shows that the present protocol is secure against various eavesdropper Eve's attacks and impersonation attacks,so it has better security.
Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important cryptographic primitive that plays a pivotal role in private communications. Authenticated QKA plays an important role in QKA. In this paper, we propose an authenticated multiparty QKA scheme based on 4-qubit cluster states entanglement swapping. The scheme is divided into two parts, the first part is the quantum identity authentication stage, and the second part is the QKA stage. In the quantum identity authentication stage, the participants determine that the participant communicating with them is the claimed person through mutual authentication, which can avoid the impersonation attack of the eavesdropper Eve. In the QKA phase, the participants adopt a bidirectional transmission structure with the participation of a semi-trusted third party, and based on the entanglement swapping property of the 4-qubit cluster state, the QKA is finally realized. Detailed security analysis shows that the protocol can resist a variety of internal and external attacks, such as participants attack, entangle-measure attack, and so on.
In this paper, we develop a novel hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) protocol for the quantum communication system using quantum stabilizer codes. The quantum information is encoded by stabilizer codes to against the channel noise. The two-photon entangled state is prepared for codeword secure transmission. Hybrid ARQ protocol rules the recognition and retransmission of error codewords. In this protocol, the property of quantum entangled state ensures the security of information, the theory of hybrid ARQ system improves the reliability of transmission, the theory of quantum stabilizer codes corrects the flipping errors of codewords. Finally, we verify the security and throughput efficiency of this protocol.
Authentication is one of the security services that assures the system’s adequate security through identification and verification. Additionally, it guarantees that the communication party is who they claim to be. In politics, the economy, banking, daily life, and other areas, quantum identity authentication is essential to guarantee the security of information in communication. The multiphoton strategy is an improved version of the single-photon approach, with higher transmission rates and longer photon travel distances via the Quantum Communication network. Despite the advantages of multiphoton, enforcing authentication on behalf of numerous participants in the quantum channel remains a problem, since existing multiphoton only considers two parties involved in secret message sharing. The issue of scalability arises here when the number of parties involved in the quantum network increases. Furthermore, an eavesdropper might hide her position among other parties and take advantage of the situation to obtain a certain information. Therefore, we require a protocol, that creates a more secure environment in term of authentication in which multiple parties may freely and openly communicate. This paper further identifies research gaps covering critical aspect on how Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) can be realized and effectively utilized for multiphoton without entanglement based. These include suggestion of future direction to implement multiphoton in multiparty from current protocol.
A new three-party quantum secure direct communication protocol with authentication is proposed. The advantage of the scheme is that through authentication one can confirm the sender's legitimate identity, partially entangled states used as information carrier are easy to prepare and store, there is no need to transmit quantum states with secret message in quantum channel and two users can simultaneously communicate with the third party. In ideal channel, the protocol is secure against incoherent attack.
The absolute security of quantum communication protocols relies on a critical premise: all participating parties are legitimate users. Ensuring the legitimacy of participant identities is paramount in complex real-world communication environments. Quantum identity authentication (QIA), in which fundamental principles of quantum mechanics are used to achieve unilateral or mutual authentication between communicating parties, constitutes an indispensable core component for building a comprehensive quantum secure communication system. It holds significant research value in the field of quantum communication. This review employs a comparative classification method to systematically outline the research trajectory of QIA protocols. By categorizing protocols based on the required quantum resources and the types of quantum protocols employed, the advantages and disadvantages of various categories are analyzed in terms of efficiency, security, and practicality. Single-photon protocols require low resources, and they are easy to implement, and compatible with existing optical components, but require high-efficiency single-photon detectors and exhibit weak noise resistance. Entangled-state protocols offer high security and strong resistance to eavesdropping, particularly suitable for long-distance or multi-party authentication. However, they greatly depend on the preparation and maintenance of high-precision, stable multi-particle entanglement sources, resulting in high experimental complexity. Continuous-variable (CV) protocols achieve high transmission efficiency in short-distance metropolitan area networks and are compatible with classical optical communication equipment, making experiments relatively straightforward. Yet, they require high-precision modulation technology and are sensitive to channel loss. Hybrid protocols aim to balance resource efficiency and security while reducing reliance on a single quantum source, but their design is complex and may introduce new attack vectors. Quantum key distribution (QKD) framework protocols embed identity authentication in the key distribution process, making them suitable for scenarios requiring long-term secure key distribution, although they often depend on pre-shared keys or trusted third parties. Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) framework protocols integrate authentication with secure direct information transmission, offering high efficiency for real-time communication, but requiring high channel quality. Measurement-device-independent QSDC (MDI-QSDC) represents a key development direction that can resist attacks on measurement devices. Quantum teleportation (QT) framework protocols achieves cross-node authentication and unconditional security, making it suitable for quantum relay networks despite its high experimental complexity. The entanglement swapping framework protocol can resist conspiracy attacks and is suitable for multi-party joint scenarios, but it consumes a lot of resources and relies on trusted third party. Ping-pong protocol framework supports dynamic key updates and exhibits strong resistance to eavesdropping, making it suitable for temporary authentication on mobile terminals, although it typically only supports unilateral authentication and requires a bidirectional channel. Subsequently, this review details the latest QIA protocols of our research group, including a multi-party synchronous identity authentication protocol based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and a tripartite QSDC protocol with identity authentication capabilities utilizing polarization-spatial super-coding. The GHZ-based multi-party synchronous authentication protocol leverages the strong correlations inherent in GHZ states to achieve simultaneous authentication among multiple parties. Through a carefully designed two-round decoy-state detection mechanism, it effectively resists both external eavesdropping and internal attacks originating from authenticated users, thereby enhancing the efficiency and security of identity management in large-scale quantum networks. The core innovation of the polarization-spatial super-coding tripartite QSDC protocol lies in its deep integration of the authentication process with information transmission by utilizing the spatial degrees of freedom of single photons. This design accomplishes the identity verification of two senders and the transmission of secret information within a single protocol run, ensuring end-to-end security through a three-stage security check. This “authentication-as-communication” paradigm significantly improves the overall efficiency and practicality of the protocol. Its successful implementation also relies on advancements in quantum memory technology. Finally, the review outlines future research directions for quantum identity authentication and explores its potential applications in quantum communication. The QIA research needs to focus on reducing resource dependency, exploring more efficient protocol designs, further enhancing protocol integration and robustness, prioritizing the development of protocols adaptable to real-world environments, and actively investigating integration with novel scenarios. This comprehensive review aims to provide theoretical research foundations and technical support for the practical development of future quantum identity authentication.