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Photonic Heat Engines: Science and Applications

Experimental demonstration of a cooled silica fiber amplifier

Jennifer M. Knall, Magnus Engholm, Tommy Boilard, Martin Bernier, Michel J. F. Digonnet

Published Mar 4, 2021• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We will report the first demonstration of an optically cooled fiber amplifier. The fiber was made of silica, had a core doped with Yb, and was core-pumped to achieve both gain and cooling in the core via anti-Stokes fluorescence. Gains larger than 10 dB were measured while maintaining a negative average temperature change along the fiber.

DOI
10.1117/12.2589941

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We will report the first demonstration of an optically cooled fiber amplifier. The fiber was made of silica, had a core doped with Yb, and was core-pumped to achieve both gain and cooling in the core via anti-Stokes fluorescence. Gains larger than 10 dB were measured while maintaining a negative average temperature change along the fiber.
For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, optical cooling is demonstrated in a fiber at atmospheric pressure. Using a specialized slow-light fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor, −5.2 mK and −0.65 K were measured in a single-mode (1% YbF3) and multimode (3% YbF3) ZBLAN fiber with respective cooling efficiencies of 2.2% and 0.90%. Fitting a recently reported quantitative model of optical cooling in fibers to the measured temperature change dependence on the pump power per unit length validates the model and allows us to infer the fibers’ absorptive loss and quenching lifetime, key parameters that are scarce in literature. These values are necessary for accurate cooling predictions and will aid in the development of fibers for application in optical coolers and radiation-balanced lasers.
An Yb3+{\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}Yb3+-doped optical fiber is laser cooled in vacuo from 298 to 282 K. Cooling results from anti-Stokes fluorescence of the ytterbium ions after optical pumping at a wavelength of 1015 nm. The sample temperature is deduced from the emission spectrum, which is sensitive to the populations in the excited-state multiplet of the ions. The temperature change is limited by the coupling between the fiber and ambient blackbody radiation, as confirmed when samples suddenly exposed to the pump laser are found to exponentially relax towards thermal steady state with the expected time constants.
We applied an erbrium-doped fiber amplifier characterization method previously reported for 1480-nm pumped amplifiers to a 980-nm amplifier, obtaining absorption and emission coefficients, as well as the dopant concentration in fiber. Gain and fluorescence (amplified spontaneous emission) simulations performed from the obtained features agree well with experimental results. Nevertheless, at certain high-gain circumstances, disagreements appear in the form of spectral hole burning, which can present high magnitudes and whose nature is discussed.
We present the first observation of cryogenic operation in an all-solid-state refrigerator. A temperature drop of ~150 K is demonstrated in a 0.2 cm3 rare-earth doped fluoride crystal (Yb:YLF) using anti-Stokes fluorescence, at a record cooling power of 110 mW. Lowest electronic transition within Yb3+ Stark manifold along with cavity enhanced absorption and thermal load management were key in achieving this operation. We show that temperatures down to 100 K are achievable in this arrangement given sufficient absorbed laser power at 1020 nm.