Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

DECOY STATE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION

Hoi‐Kwong Lo

Published Oct 1, 2005• 71 citations
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Experimental weak + vacuum protocol has been demonstrated using commercial QKD system based on a standard bi-directional ‘Plug & Play ’ set-up. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, decoy state QKD allows us to achieve much better performance than QKD system without decoy state in terms of key generation rate and distance. We demonstrate an unconditionally secure key rate of 6.2931 x 10-4 per pulse for a 25 km fiber length.

DOI
10.1142/9789812701633_0013

Related papers

DECOY STATE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION

Sellami Ali

Experimental weak + vacuum protocol has been demonstrated using commercial QKD system based on a standard bi-directional ‘Plug & Play’ set-up. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, decoy state QKD allows us to achieve much better performance than QKD system without decoy state in terms of key generation rate and distance. We demonstrate an unconditionally secure key rate of 6.2931 x 10-4per pulse for a 25 km fiber length.

IIUM Engineering Journal•Mar 2, 2010•24 citations

Implementation of SARG04 decoy state quantum key distribution

Sellami Ali, Omer Mahmoud

The experiment of decoy state QKD has been reported using commercial QKD system based on a standard bi-directional `Plug & Play' set-up. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, decoy state QKD allows us to achieve much better performance than QKD system without decoy state in terms of key generation rate and distance. One decoy state protocol has been implemented. The obtained results demonstrate an unconditionally secure key rate of 0.127 × 10-4 per pulse for a 10 km fiber length.

International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications•Oct 1, 2011•1 citation

Quantum Key Distribution Using Decoy State Protocol

Sellami Ali, Suhairi Saharudin, Mohamed Ridza Wahiddin

Problem statement: Quantum key distribution provides unconditional security guaranteed by the fundamental laws of quantum physics. Unfortunately, for real-life experimental set-ups, which mainly based on faint laser pulses, the occasional production of multi-photons and channel loss make it possible for sophisticated eavesdroppers to launch various subtle eavesdropping attacks including the Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attack. The decoy state protocols recently proposed to beat PNS attack and to improve dramatically distance and secure key generation rate of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Approach: Objective of this study was experimental implementation of weak decoy + vacuum states QKD for increasing the performance of QKD system. To show conceptually how simple it was to apply the weak decoy + vacuum state idea to a commercial QKD system, we chosen ID-3000 commercial quantum key distribution system manufactured by id quantique. To implement the weak decoy + vacuum state protocol, we had to add some new optical and electronics components to id quantique and to attenuate each signal to the intensity of either signal state or weak decoy or vacuum state randomly. Results: In our implementation, the attenuation will be done by placing a VOA (variable optical attenuator) in Alice’s side. Specifically, our QKD system required the polarizations of 2 pulses from the same signal to be orthogonal. Therefore the VOA must be polarization independent so as to attenuate the two pulses equally. The VOA utilized in experiment to attenuate signals dynamically was Intensity Modulator (IM). We had implemented weak + vacuum protocol on a modified commercial QKD system over a 25 km of telecom fibers with an unconditionally secure key rate of 6.2931×10-4 per pulse. Conclusion: By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, we could achieve much better performance with substantially higher key generation rate and longer distance than QKD system without decoy state.

American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences•Apr 1, 2009•7 citations

Experimental Quantum Key Distribution with Decoy States

Yi Zhao, Bing Qi, Xiongfeng Ma +2 more

To increase dramatically the distance and the secure key generation rate of quantum key distribution (QKD), the idea of quantum decoys--signals of different intensities--has recently been proposed. Here, we present the first experimental implementation of decoy state QKD. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, we show that a secure key generation rate of 165 bit/s, which is 1/4 of the theoretical limit, can be obtained over 15 km of a telecommunication fiber. We also show that with the same experimental parameters, not even a single bit of secure key can be extracted with a non-decoy-state protocol. Compared to building single photon sources, decoy state QKD is a much simpler method for increasing the distance and key generation rate of unconditionally secure QKD.

arXiv:quant-ph/0503192•Physical Review Letters•Feb 22, 2006•380 citations

Optimizing Quantum Key Distribution Protocols using Decoy State Techniques and Experimental Validation

Sellami Ali, Benlahcene Djaouida

This paper simulated the operation of vacuum state and single decoy state protocols in the BB84 and SARG04 QKD schemes by utilizing the features of the commercial ID-3000 QKD system. Numerical modeling identified an optimal signal-to-decoy state ratio of 0.95:0.05 and an intensity of μ=0.85 for the signal state and ν1=0.05 for the decoy state, ensuring the highest key generation rate and a secure distance of up to 50 km. These protocols were validated experimentally over various transmission distances with standard telecom fiber, using the ID-3000 QKD system in a conventional bi-directional plug-and-play setup. Simulations predicted secure key rates of 1.2 × 10 5 bits/s for SARG04 and 8.5 × 104 bits/s for BB84 at 10 km, with secure distances of 45 km and 35 km, respectively. The experimental results confirmed these predictions, showing a 30% higher key rate and 20% longer secure distance compared to non-decoy methods. The SARG04 protocol surpassed BB84 in key rate and secure distance, highlighting the two-photon component's role in key generation. This study concludes that the decoy-state method significantly enhances key generation rates and secure distances, optimizing QKD protocols for secure quantum communication.

Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research•Aug 2, 2024•4 citations

DECOY STATE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION

Hoi‐Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two parties to communicate in absolute security based on the fundamental laws of physics. Up till now, it is widely believed that unconditionally secure QKD based on standard Bennett-Brassard (BB84) protocol is limited in both key generation rate and distance because of imperfect devices. Here, we solve these two problems directly by presenting new protocols that are feasible with only current technology. Surprisingly, our new protocols can make fiber-based QKD unconditionally secure at distances over 100km (for some experiments, such as GYS) and increase the key generation rate from O(η2) in prior art to O(η) where η is the overall transmittance. Our method is to develop the decoy state idea (first proposed by W.-Y. Hwang in "Quantum Key Distribution with High Loss: Toward Global Secure Communication", Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057901 (2003)) and consider simple extensions of the BB84 protocol. This part of work is published in "Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution", . We present a general theory of the decoy state protocol and propose a decoy method based on only one signal state and two decoy states. We perform optimization on the choice of intensities of the signal state and the two decoy states. Our result shows that a decoy state protocol with only two types of decoy states—a vacuum and a weak decoy state—asymptotically approaches the theoretical limit of the most general type of decoy state protocols (with an infinite number of decoy states). We also present a one-decoy-state protocol as a special case of Vacuum+Weak decoy method. Moreover, we provide estimations on the effects of statistical fluctuations and suggest that, even for long distance (larger than 100km) QKD, our two-decoy-state protocol can be implemented with only a few hours of experimental data. In conclusion, decoy state quantum key distribution is highly practical. This part of work is published in "Practical Decoy State for Quantum Key Distribution", . We also have done the first experimental demonstration of decoy state quantum key distribution, over 15km of Telecom fibers. This part of work is published in "Experimental Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution Over 15km", .

International Journal of Quantum Information•Nov 1, 2005•16 citations
ABSTRACT: Experimental weak + vacuum protocol has been demonstrated using commercial QKD system based on a standard bi-directional ‘Plug & Play ’ set-up. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, decoy state QKD allows us to achieve much better performance than QKD system without decoy state in terms of key generation rate and distance. We demonstrate an unconditionally secure key rate of 6.2931 x 10-4 per pulse for a 25 km fiber length.
The experiment of decoy state QKD has been reported using commercial QKD system based on a standard bi-directional `Plug & Play' set-up. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, decoy state QKD allows us to achieve much better performance than QKD system without decoy state in terms of key generation rate and distance. One decoy state protocol has been implemented. The obtained results demonstrate an unconditionally secure key rate of 0.127 × 10-4 per pulse for a 10 km fiber length.
Problem statement: Quantum key distribution provides unconditional security guaranteed by the fundamental laws of quantum physics. Unfortunately, for real-life experimental set-ups, which mainly based on faint laser pulses, the occasional production of multi-photons and channel loss make it possible for sophisticated eavesdroppers to launch various subtle eavesdropping attacks including the Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attack. The decoy state protocols recently proposed to beat PNS attack and to improve dramatically distance and secure key generation rate of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Approach: Objective of this study was experimental implementation of weak decoy + vacuum states QKD for increasing the performance of QKD system. To show conceptually how simple it was to apply the weak decoy + vacuum state idea to a commercial QKD system, we chosen ID-3000 commercial quantum key distribution system manufactured by id quantique. To implement the weak decoy + vacuum state protocol, we had to add some new optical and electronics components to id quantique and to attenuate each signal to the intensity of either signal state or weak decoy or vacuum state randomly. Results: In our implementation, the attenuation will be done by placing a VOA (variable optical attenuator) in Alice’s side. Specifically, our QKD system required the polarizations of 2 pulses from the same signal to be orthogonal. Therefore the VOA must be polarization independent so as to attenuate the two pulses equally. The VOA utilized in experiment to attenuate signals dynamically was Intensity Modulator (IM). We had implemented weak + vacuum protocol on a modified commercial QKD system over a 25 km of telecom fibers with an unconditionally secure key rate of 6.2931×10-4 per pulse. Conclusion: By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, we could achieve much better performance with substantially higher key generation rate and longer distance than QKD system without decoy state.
To increase dramatically the distance and the secure key generation rate of quantum key distribution (QKD), the idea of quantum decoys--signals of different intensities--has recently been proposed. Here, we present the first experimental implementation of decoy state QKD. By making simple modifications to a commercial quantum key distribution system, we show that a secure key generation rate of 165 bit/s, which is 1/4 of the theoretical limit, can be obtained over 15 km of a telecommunication fiber. We also show that with the same experimental parameters, not even a single bit of secure key can be extracted with a non-decoy-state protocol. Compared to building single photon sources, decoy state QKD is a much simpler method for increasing the distance and key generation rate of unconditionally secure QKD.
This paper simulated the operation of vacuum state and single decoy state protocols in the BB84 and SARG04 QKD schemes by utilizing the features of the commercial ID-3000 QKD system. Numerical modeling identified an optimal signal-to-decoy state ratio of 0.95:0.05 and an intensity of μ=0.85 for the signal state and ν1=0.05 for the decoy state, ensuring the highest key generation rate and a secure distance of up to 50 km. These protocols were validated experimentally over various transmission distances with standard telecom fiber, using the ID-3000 QKD system in a conventional bi-directional plug-and-play setup. Simulations predicted secure key rates of 1.2 × 10 5 bits/s for SARG04 and 8.5 × 104 bits/s for BB84 at 10 km, with secure distances of 45 km and 35 km, respectively. The experimental results confirmed these predictions, showing a 30% higher key rate and 20% longer secure distance compared to non-decoy methods. The SARG04 protocol surpassed BB84 in key rate and secure distance, highlighting the two-photon component's role in key generation. This study concludes that the decoy-state method significantly enhances key generation rates and secure distances, optimizing QKD protocols for secure quantum communication.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two parties to communicate in absolute security based on the fundamental laws of physics. Up till now, it is widely believed that unconditionally secure QKD based on standard Bennett-Brassard (BB84) protocol is limited in both key generation rate and distance because of imperfect devices. Here, we solve these two problems directly by presenting new protocols that are feasible with only current technology. Surprisingly, our new protocols can make fiber-based QKD unconditionally secure at distances over 100km (for some experiments, such as GYS) and increase the key generation rate from O(η2) in prior art to O(η) where η is the overall transmittance. Our method is to develop the decoy state idea (first proposed by W.-Y. Hwang in "Quantum Key Distribution with High Loss: Toward Global Secure Communication", Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057901 (2003)) and consider simple extensions of the BB84 protocol. This part of work is published in "Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution", . We present a general theory of the decoy state protocol and propose a decoy method based on only one signal state and two decoy states. We perform optimization on the choice of intensities of the signal state and the two decoy states. Our result shows that a decoy state protocol with only two types of decoy states—a vacuum and a weak decoy state—asymptotically approaches the theoretical limit of the most general type of decoy state protocols (with an infinite number of decoy states). We also present a one-decoy-state protocol as a special case of Vacuum+Weak decoy method. Moreover, we provide estimations on the effects of statistical fluctuations and suggest that, even for long distance (larger than 100km) QKD, our two-decoy-state protocol can be implemented with only a few hours of experimental data. In conclusion, decoy state quantum key distribution is highly practical. This part of work is published in "Practical Decoy State for Quantum Key Distribution", . We also have done the first experimental demonstration of decoy state quantum key distribution, over 15km of Telecom fibers. This part of work is published in "Experimental Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution Over 15km", .