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Nuclear Physics B

Universal entanglement of mid-spectrum eigenstates of chaotic local Hamiltonians

Yichen Huang

Published Mar 10, 2021• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In systems governed by chaotic local Hamiltonians, my previous work [7] conjectured the universality of the average entanglement entropy of all eigenstates by proposing an exact formula for its dependence on the subsystem size. In this note, I extend this result to the average entanglement entropy of a constant fraction of eigenstates in the middle of the energy spectrum. The generalized formula is supported by numerical simulations of various chaotic spin chains.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2021.115373

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In systems governed by chaotic local Hamiltonians, my previous work [7] conjectured the universality of the average entanglement entropy of all eigenstates by proposing an exact formula for its dependence on the subsystem size. In this note, I extend this result to the average entanglement entropy of a constant fraction of eigenstates in the middle of the energy spectrum. The generalized formula is supported by numerical simulations of various chaotic spin chains.
In a spin chain governed by a local Hamiltonian, we consider a microcanonical ensemble in the middle of the energy spectrum and a contiguous subsystem whose length is a constant fraction of the system size. We prove that if the bandwidth of the ensemble is greater than a certain constant, then the average entanglement entropy (between the subsystem and the rest of the system) of eigenstates in the ensemble deviates from the maximum entropy by at least a positive constant. This result highlights the difference between the entanglement entropy of mid-spectrum eigenstates of (chaotic) local Hamiltonians and that of random states. We also prove that the former deviates from the thermodynamic entropy at the same energy by at least a positive constant.
To which degree the average entanglement entropy of midspectrum eigenstates of quantum-chaotic interacting Hamiltonians agrees with that of random pure states is a question that has attracted considerable attention in the recent years. While there is substantial evidence that the leading (volume-law) terms are identical, which and how subleading terms differ between them is less clear. Here we carry out state-of-the-art full exact diagonalization calculations of clean spin-1/2 XYZ and XXZ chains with integrability breaking terms to address this question in the absence and presence of U(1) symmetry, respectively. We first introduce the notion of maximally chaotic regime, for the chain sizes amenable to full exact diagonalization calculations, as the regime in Hamiltonian parameters in which the level spacing ratio, the distribution of eigenstate coefficients, and the entanglement entropy are closest to the random matrix theory predictions. In this regime, we carry out a finite-size scaling analysis of the subleading terms of the average entanglement entropy of midspectrum eigenstates when different fractions ν of the spectrum are included in the average. We find indications that, for ν→0, the magnitude of the negative O(1) correction is only slightly greater than the one predicted for random pure states. For finite ν, following a phenomenological approach, we derive a simple expression that describes the numerically observed ν dependence of the O(1) deviation from the prediction for random pure states.
The eigenstate entanglement entropy is a powerful tool to distinguish integrable from generic quantum-chaotic models. In integrable models, the average eigenstate entanglement entropy (over all Hamiltonian eigenstates) has a volume-law coefficient that generally depends on the subsystem fraction. In contrast, it is maximal (subsystem fraction independent) in quantum-chaotic models. Using random matrix theory for quadratic Hamiltonians, we obtain a closed-form expression for the average eigenstate entanglement entropy as a function of the subsystem fraction. We test it against numerical results for the quadratic Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model and show that it describes the results for the power-law random banded matrix model (in the delocalized regime). We show that localization in quasimomentum space produces (small) deviations from our analytic predictions.
We study the bipartite von Neumann entanglement entropy and matrix elements of local operators in the eigenstates of an interacting integrable Hamiltonian (the paradigmatic spin-1/2 XXZ chain), and we contrast their behavior with that of quantum chaotic systems. We find that the leading term of the average (over all eigenstates in the zero magnetization sector) eigenstate entanglement entropy has a volume-law coefficient that is smaller than the universal (maximal entanglement) one in quantum chaotic systems. This establishes the entanglement entropy as a powerful measure to distinguish integrable models from generic ones. Remarkably, our numerical results suggest that the volume-law coefficient of the average entanglement entropy of eigenstates of the spin-1/2 XXZ Hamiltonian is very close to, or the same as, the one for translationally invariant quadratic fermionic models. We also study matrix elements of local operators in the eigenstates of the spin-1/2 XXZ Hamiltonian at the center of the spectrum. For the diagonal matrix elements, we show evidence that the support does not vanish with increasing system size, while the average eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations vanish in a power-law fashion. For the off-diagonal matrix elements, we show that they follow a distribution that is close to (but not quite) log-normal, and that their variance is a well-defined function of ω=E_{α}-E_{β} ({E_{α}} are the eigenenergies) proportional to 1/D, where D is the Hilbert space dimension.
Using arguments built on ergodicity, we derive an analytical expression for the Renyi entanglement entropies which, we conjecture, applies to the finite-energy density eigenstates of chaotic many-body Hamiltonians. The expression is a universal function of the density of states and is valid even when the subsystem is a finite fraction of the total system-a regime in which the reduced density matrix is not thermal. We find that in the thermodynamic limit, only the von Neumann entropy density is independent of the subsystem to the total system ratio V_{A}/V, while the Renyi entropy densities depend nonlinearly on V_{A}/V. Surprisingly, Renyi entropies S_{n} for n>1 are convex functions of the subsystem size, with a volume law coefficient that depends on V_{A}/V, and exceeds that of a thermal mixed state at the same energy density. We provide two different arguments to support our results: the first one relies on a many-body version of Berry's formula for chaotic quantum-mechanical systems, and is closely related to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. The second argument relies on the assumption that for a fixed energy in a subsystem, all states in its complement allowed by the energy conservation are equally likely. We perform an exact diagonalization study on quantum spin-chain Hamiltonians to test our analytical predictions.