Quantum Logic in Historical and Philosophical Perspective

G Masse

A review is made of the field of contextuality in quantum mechanics. We study the historical emergence of the concept from philosophical and logical issues. We present and compare the main theoretical frameworks that have been derived. Finally, we focus on the complex task of establishing experimental tests of contextuality. Throughout this work, we try to show that the conceptualisation of contextuality has progressed through different complementary perspectives, before summoning them together to analyse the signification of contextuality experiments. Doing so, we argue that contextuality emerged as a discrete logical problem and developed into a quantifiable quantum resource.

María Luisa Dalla Chiara, Roberto Giuntini, Miklós Rédei

اسدی، سیاوش, Siavash Asadi

Badis Ydri, Badis Ydri

Борис Исаевич ПРУЖИНИН, Leonid Antipenko, Vladimir Arshinov +11 more

In June 2025, the Voprosy filosofii journal hosted a jubilee “round table” “Philo­sophical Problems of Quantum Mechanics: Historical Reality and Development Prospects,” dedicated to the centenary of the emergence of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. The round table was organized by the De­partment of Philosophy of the Natural Sciences at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The discussion brought together specialists in the philosophy and methodology of science, in the philosophical problems of quantum mechanics, as well as natural scientists and historians of science. Participants focused primarily on the conceptual aspects of the mathematical framework of quantum mechanics and on the question of which event should be considered the true “birthdate” of this field of knowledge. In addition, the inter­disciplinary dialogue clarified the trajectories of interaction between quantum mechanics and the social and human sciences in today’s changing world. A spe­cial topic of discussion concerned the philosophical research programs that influ­enced the development of quantum mechanics, and the extent to which quantum mechanics itself has significantly shaped these programs (including eco-philo­sophical ones). Most participants agreed that dialectics and phenomenology (par­ticularly those of G.W.F. Hegel, M. Heidegger, G.G. Shpet, and others) are acquiring special importance today for comprehending the fundamental founda­tions of quantum mechanics. Another original perspective in the debate was linked to examining the philosophical meanings of logic and hermeneutics and assessing their methodological potential in research on quantum mechanics.

Mirza Adnan Mohtashim

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of Wigner’s Friend paradox (1961), a foundational thought experiment in quantum mechanics that highlights the tension between the internal perspective of a measuring observer (who experiences a definite outcome) and the external perspective of a super-observer who treats the entire laboratory as a quantum system in superposition. It traces the historical lineage from Schrödinger’s cat and von Neumann’s measurement theory, provides a formal mathematical description of the state evolution and logical structure of the paradox, examines implications for major interpretations of quantum mechanics (Copenhagen, Everettian many-worlds, QBism, relational quantum mechanics, and objective collapse theories), and discusses modern extensions such as the Frauchiger–Renner paradox. The work explores profound philosophical and epistemological consequences for the nature of observation, objectivity, intersubjectivity, and the role of consciousness in quantum theory (2026).