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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Protocols for robust generation of microwave photonic graph states from superconducting qubits

Chenxu Liu, Edwin Barnes, Sophia E. Economou

Published Mar 17, 2021• 0 citations
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Microwave photonic graph states provide a promising approach for robust quantum communication between remote superconducting chips using microwave photons. Recently, Besse et al. [Nat. Commun. 11, 4887 (2020)] demonstrated that 1D graph states can be generated using two transmon qubits. In this paper, we propose to use transmon qubits combined with other microwave devices to construct more complex graph states. Specifically, we consider 2D lattice and tree-like graph states. We compare the performance using fixed- versus tunable-frequency transmon qubits and also for different photonic qubit encodings. In each case, we estimate the fidelity of the resulting microwave graph state assuming current experimental parameters and identify the main factors that limit performance.

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Microwave photonic graph states provide a promising approach for robust quantum communication between remote superconducting chips using microwave photons. Recently, Besse et al. [Nat. Commun. 11, 4887 (2020)] demonstrated that 1D graph states can be generated using two transmon qubits. In this paper, we propose to use transmon qubits combined with other microwave devices to construct more complex graph states. Specifically, we consider 2D lattice and tree-like graph states. We compare the performance using fixed- versus tunable-frequency transmon qubits and also for different photonic qubit encodings. In each case, we estimate the fidelity of the resulting microwave graph state assuming current experimental parameters and identify the main factors that limit performance.
Nonlocal multipartite entanglement holds significant potential for both fundamental physics and practical applications. We present a robust protocol for generating remote entanglement, specifically W states, among multiple nonlocal superconducting qubits. Our protocol employs practical microwave pulse scattering through a microwave cavity, which is coupled to a far-detuned superconducting transmon qubit, facilitating a CNOT-like operation. Our approach can be implemented without the need for single microwave-photon sources and its completion is heralded by microwave photon measurements. Furthermore, our protocol can generate faithful nonlocal W states of distant superconducting qubits with practical detector units, each cascading two quantum non-demolition detectors, rather than ideal single-photon detectors. These distinct features make our protocol particularly useful for large quantum secure communication networks.
Entanglement in multiphoton graph states is an important resource with various applications, such as measurement-based quantum computing and memory-less quantum repeaters. While some primitive instances have been successfully prepared, scalable generation of large-scale graph states with programmable connections remains an outstanding challenge. Fusion provides a promising "divide-and-conquer" approach by linking smaller resource states into larger, more complex graphs. However, its practical scalability has been limited by the probabilistic nature of conventional fusion protocols, which necessitates extensive hardware overhead and feed-forward resources to achieve deterministic outcomes. Here, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a deterministic fusion operation with built-in error mitigation, capable of connecting small time-bin-encoded cluster states--originally generated on-demand from a quantum emitter--into larger, reconfigurable photonic graph states of increased sizes. The fusion operation is realized by nondestructively projecting pairs of flying microwave photonic qubits into Bell states using superconducting circuits with in-situ programmability. Crucially, the protocol features active reset and reuse of matter qubits during graph state generation, thereby circumventing the coherence constraints of the quantum emitter and enabling the generation of genuine multipartite entanglement across 13 photonic qubits. Our results establish a scalable framework for photonic graph-state synthesis, paving the way for fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation and distributed quantum networks.