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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Machine Learning Assisted Superconducting Qubit Readout – Part I: From Pulse Shaping to State Discrimination

Benjamin Lienhard, Cole R. Hoffer, Antti P. Vepsäläinen, Luke C. G. Govia, Yanjie Qiu, David K. Kim, Roni Winik, Alexander J. Melville, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Jonilyn Yoder, Thomas Ohki, Hari Krovi, Terry P. Orlando, Simon Gustavsson, William D. Oliver

Published Mar 18, 2021• 0 citations
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Accurate quantum state discrimination is critical for reliable qubit readout in current superconducting quantum processors, as it enables precise measurement outcomes, reduces readout-induced errors, and improves the overall reliability of quantum algorithm execution. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have been explored to enhance quantum state discrimination, outperforming traditional methods based on static thresholds. However, these approaches rely on hard-decision schemes that assign binary outcomes without accounting for readout uncertainty, thereby disregarding signal-level variations that can degrade measurement fidelity. This article introduces a measurement-aware classification approach based on Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering combined with data filtering, enabling soft-decision readout discrimination through confidence-based shot selection. Experimental validation was conducted on four different real IBM quantum devices, including single- and two-qubit readout scenarios, as well as multi-qubit circuits preparing GHZ and W-state with up to 10 qubits. Results show that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art ML-based discriminators in terms of assignment fidelity and state reconstruction accuracy, demonstrating its effectiveness for enhancing readout quality in near-term quantum computing platforms. Quantitatively, the FCM-based discriminator yields 2–3% assignment fidelity improvements in single- and two-qubit readout and statistically significant gains in over 94% of GHZ and 97% of W multi-qubit experiments.

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Reliable qubit readout is a critical bottleneck toward fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). In superconducting quantum processors, readout operations are both error-prone and high-latency. These challenges become more severe in frequency-multiplexed architectures, where signal crosstalk among neighboring qubits significantly degrades readout fidelity. Existing machine learning (ML)-based approaches rely on feed-forward neural networks (FNNs) that suffer from large parameter sizes and lack an end-to-end network that jointly addresses relaxation errors and discriminates qubit states. In this work, we present a multi-stage qubit state discriminator based on the Mamba model, which enables efficient sequence modeling with linear complexity. The first stage performs initial state discrimination, followed by a refinement stage that identifies and mitigates relaxation-induced errors. Our lightweight model achieves a geometric mean readout fidelity of 0.906, outperforming the best-reported state-of-the-art method while reducing parameter size by 49.6%; our optimal model further reaches 0.911. Both models remain robust across varying input trace lengths, maintaining a high fidelity of 0.893 at readout durations as short as 500 $ns$, achieving up to a 26% reduction in logical error rate over prior work in quantum error correction (QEC).

quant-pharXiv:2607.11668•Jul 14, 2026•0 citations
Accurate quantum state discrimination is critical for reliable qubit readout in current superconducting quantum processors, as it enables precise measurement outcomes, reduces readout-induced errors, and improves the overall reliability of quantum algorithm execution. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have been explored to enhance quantum state discrimination, outperforming traditional methods based on static thresholds. However, these approaches rely on hard-decision schemes that assign binary outcomes without accounting for readout uncertainty, thereby disregarding signal-level variations that can degrade measurement fidelity. This article introduces a measurement-aware classification approach based on Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering combined with data filtering, enabling soft-decision readout discrimination through confidence-based shot selection. Experimental validation was conducted on four different real IBM quantum devices, including single- and two-qubit readout scenarios, as well as multi-qubit circuits preparing GHZ and W-state with up to 10 qubits. Results show that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art ML-based discriminators in terms of assignment fidelity and state reconstruction accuracy, demonstrating its effectiveness for enhancing readout quality in near-term quantum computing platforms. Quantitatively, the FCM-based discriminator yields 2–3% assignment fidelity improvements in single- and two-qubit readout and statistically significant gains in over 94% of GHZ and 97% of W multi-qubit experiments.
Reliable qubit readout is a critical bottleneck toward fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). In superconducting quantum processors, readout operations are both error-prone and high-latency. These challenges become more severe in frequency-multiplexed architectures, where signal crosstalk among neighboring qubits significantly degrades readout fidelity. Existing machine learning (ML)-based approaches rely on feed-forward neural networks (FNNs) that suffer from large parameter sizes and lack an end-to-end network that jointly addresses relaxation errors and discriminates qubit states. In this work, we present a multi-stage qubit state discriminator based on the Mamba model, which enables efficient sequence modeling with linear complexity. The first stage performs initial state discrimination, followed by a refinement stage that identifies and mitigates relaxation-induced errors. Our lightweight model achieves a geometric mean readout fidelity of 0.906, outperforming the best-reported state-of-the-art method while reducing parameter size by 49.6%; our optimal model further reaches 0.911. Both models remain robust across varying input trace lengths, maintaining a high fidelity of 0.893 at readout durations as short as 500 nsnsns, achieving up to a 26% reduction in logical error rate over prior work in quantum error correction (QEC).