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Super-resolving phase measurements via time reversal

RJ Kesch, KL Pregnell, Robert Prevedel, Alexei Gilchrist, Geoff J. Pryde, Jeremy L. O’Brien, A.E. White

Published Dec 5, 2005• 0 citations
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We demonstrate phase super-resolution in the absence of entangled states. The key insight is to use the inherent time-reversal symmetry of quantum mechanics: our theory shows that it is possible to measure, as opposed to prepare, entangled states. Our approach is robust, requiring only photons that exhibit classical interference: we experimentally demonstrate high-visibility phase super-resolution with three, four, and six photons using a standard laser and photon counters. Our six-photon experiment demonstrates the best phase super-resolution yet reported with high visibility and resolution.
Measurement, whilst being physically fundamental, is also fundamentally physical. Classical interferometric measurements suffer from physical limitations where the shot noise limit forms an upper bound of √n on a phase shift Δφ that can be resolved, with n being the average number of photons detected, making their applicability in modern nanoscale experiments quite restricted. Exotic quantum states such as maximally entangled NOON states (|N0〉A;B+|0N〉A;B)/√2, where N is the number of entangled photons are of particular importance as they have repeatedly been shown to exhibit phase super-resolution. Interesting post selection schemes and time-reversed detection schemes have been investigated for phase estimation using NOON states. These methods are inherently non-deterministic at the preparation or measurement stage and thus do not optimise resources, for instance the number of photons passing through the sample greatly exceeds those used in the measurement.