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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

Quantum restrictions on the measurement of the parameters of motion of a macroscopic oscillator

Михаил Борисович Менский

Published Oct 1, 1979• 4 citations
OpenAlex

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•Jan 1, 1982•0 citations
Cavity optomechanics is a tool to study the interaction between light and micromechanical motion. Here we observe optomechanical physics in a truly macroscopic oscillator close to the quantum ground state. As the mechanical system, we use a mm-sized piezoelectric quartz disk oscillator. Its motion is coupled to a charge qubit which translates the piezo-induced charge into an effective radiation–pressure interaction between the disk and a microwave cavity. We measure the thermal motion of the lowest mechanical shear mode at 7 MHz down to 30 mK, corresponding to roughly 10 2 quanta in a 20 mg oscillator. We estimate that with realistic parameters, it is possible to utilize the back-action cooling by the qubit in order to control macroscopic motion by a single Cooper pair. The work opens up opportunities for macroscopic quantum experiments.
Recent achievements in the isolation of macroscopic mechanical objects from a heat bath make it possible to implement quantum measurements with such systems. In this case, either a free mass or an oscillator can be used as a test object. The advantage of the first variant is in significantly longer relaxation times achieved for free masses. The advantage of the second variant is in the absence of restrictions on the limiting measurement accuracy associated with internal losses in the meter. This restriction can be bypassed, retaining a long relaxation time typical of free masses, if a test oscillator with a ponderomotive electromagnetic rigidity is used. Estimates show that the potential sensitivity of this test body for the modern level of technology may be considerably higher than the standard quantum limit.
Collective phenomena arise from interactions within complex systems, leading to behaviors absent in individual components. Observing quantum collective phenomena with macroscopic mechanical oscillators has been impeded by the stringent requirement that oscillators be identical. We demonstrate the quantum regime for collective motion of N = 6 mechanical oscillators, a hexamer, in a superconducting circuit optomechanical platform. By increasing the optomechanical couplings, the system transitions from individual to collective motion, characterized by a N enhancement of cavity-collective mode coupling, akin to superradiance of atomic ensembles. Using sideband cooling, we prepare the collective mode in the quantum ground state and measure its quantum sideband asymmetry, with zero-point motion distributed across distant oscillators. This regime of optomechanics opens avenues for studying multipartite entanglement, with potential advances in quantum metrology.