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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Squeezing in nondegenerate two-photon two-level media

Barbara A. Capron, David A. Holm, Murray Sargent

Published Jan 1, 1986• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We recently1 calculated the amount of squeezing predicted by our quantum theory of multiwave mixing for a one-photon two-level model. Here we use the corresponding theory for the two-photon two-level model,2 which allows for nonsaturating nondegenerate pump and probe waves and includes dynamic Stark shifts. We simplify the more complicated general model using a fourthorder perturbation limit and find very simple expressions that show even for very weak pumps with no Stark shifts or atomic detuning significant squeezing can be achieved. Much of this squeezing is due to scattering of the conjugate field off the pump-induced two-photon coherence, which does not arise in the one-photon case. In general, Stark shifts induce large regions of significant gain, resulting in instabilities. We also show results for high intensity pumps that require larger atomic detunings to obtain a large amount of squeezing. The low intensities required in the two-photon case should make squeezing easier to observe than in the one-photon case.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1986.tuj6

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This dissertation examines aspects of the interaction of multiple coherent light fields for the two-photon two-level model. In this model the interacting energy levels are not connected by an atomic dipole and a two-photon transition between them is necessary. We employ the density matrix formalism allowing easy comparison between the one- and two-photon two-level models. Significant differences are found due to dynamic Stark shifts and conjugate scattering off the pump-induced two-photon coherence. Averages over Doppler broadening are performed and the new upper-level relaxation mechanisms of decay to an intermediate nonresonant level and ionization from the upper state are included. The new relaxation mechanisms, introduced to the theory to better model experiments, are similar except that ionization is intensity dependent. They cause the resulting probe absorption spectra to become more complex and in general asymmetric. Doppler broadening is also important in experiments using gases. We analytically average over a Lorentzian velocity distribution for both co- and counterpropagating pump and probe beams. For copropagating fields the results are similar to those for the one-photon case averaged over inhomogeneous broadening, whereas counterpropagating pump and probe fields yield the so-called Doppler-free configuration that is normally only modelled to third order in the pump amplitude. We consider the pump field amplitude to all orders and find that as long as the width of the Doppler velocity distribution is significantly larger than the two-photon Rabi frequency the results are Doppler-free. The final part of the dissertation treats the question of two-photon squeezed states. This requires quantized sidemodes. Squeezed states are minimum uncertainty states with unequal variances in the two quadratures of the electromagnetic field amplitude. One way to generate these states is via multiwave mixing and we present here the first calculation for nondegenerate two-photon multiwave mixing as it applies to squeezed states. We find that in general two-photon squeezed states require lower intensities and detuning than those predicted by the one-photon model.

•Jan 1, 1986•0 citations
We recently1 calculated the amount of squeezing predicted by our quantum theory of multiwave mixing for a one-photon two-level model. Here we use the corresponding theory for the two-photon two-level model,2 which allows for nonsaturating nondegenerate pump and probe waves and includes dynamic Stark shifts. We simplify the more complicated general model using a fourthorder perturbation limit and find very simple expressions that show even for very weak pumps with no Stark shifts or atomic detuning significant squeezing can be achieved. Much of this squeezing is due to scattering of the conjugate field off the pump-induced two-photon coherence, which does not arise in the one-photon case. In general, Stark shifts induce large regions of significant gain, resulting in instabilities. We also show results for high intensity pumps that require larger atomic detunings to obtain a large amount of squeezing. The low intensities required in the two-photon case should make squeezing easier to observe than in the one-photon case.
We apply our quantum theory of multiwave mixing for the two-photon two-level model to the generation of squeezed states of light. Because of the two-photon transition, a larger number of interaction potentials are present compared to one-photon models, leading to effects absent in the one-photon case. The two most significant of these are the appearance of dynamic Stark shifts and conjugate scattering off the pump induced two-photon coherence. We show that this can lead to almost perfect squeezing, even for low pump intensities and low detunings from the two-photon resonance.
Multiphoton transitions are of great interest in laser spectroscopy because they permit the study of new physical phenomena and because of their potential applications. Malcuit et al.1 studied two-photon transitions in atomic sodium and showed that for appropriate phase-matching four-wave mixing can overcome the usual spontaneous decay processes. We have recently developed a quantum theory2 to treat such multiwave mixing processes in two-photon media. Because of the greater complexity of two-photon transitions, many effects arise that are absent in the one-photon case, some of which have important consequences in the generation of squeezed states. For the two-photon two-level model, the field modes have frequencies approximately one-half the frequency difference between the levels. We find that our coefficients differ from the corresponding one-photon theory in that dynamic Stark shifts have a major effect and that the pump-induced coherence between the two levels has a new term in the conjugate coupling terms, which leads to improved squeezing.
Our semiclassical theory of two-photon multiwave mixing1 is a generalization of the degenerate four-wave mixing case2 to treat nondegenerate pump/signal/conjugate frequencies. We apply that theory to four-wave mixing in two-photon media. We present explicit formulas for the nondegenerate signal/conjugate absorption and coupling coefficients for cases for which the two-photon Stark shifts are sufficiently small compared to the homogeneous linewidths. More general cases require that the spatial hole burning averages be performed numerically. We find intricate dependencies of the transmission and reflection spectra on the pump intensity and on dynamic Stark shifts. In particular, the reflection coefficients do not necessarily bleach to zero as the pump intensity is increased indefinitely, and interferences occur between pure index and mixed absorption/index contributions
We apply our quantum theory of nondegenerate multiwave mixing [ Phys. Rev. A37, 2017 ( 1988)] to squeezed-state generation experiments with two-level atoms. Our main interest is to predict the amount of squeezing achievable with a Doppler-broadened two-level medium. We are particularly interested in the single-beam configuration, in which all four interacting beams are spatially degenerate. We analytically solve the coupled-mode quantum Langevin equations for nondegenerate four-wave mixing. The solutions are used to compute the amount of squeezing. In the computation the effects of pump–probe phase mismatch, collisions, Doppler broadening, and Gaussian-intensity variation are comprehensively taken into account for the first time to our knowledge. Simple rules of thumb as to where one can see squeezing in both degenerate- and nondegenerate-frequency cases are derived by examining the limit of a short medium. We then present the case of an infinitely long medium, in which maximum squeezing is achieved when there is no pump–probe phase mismatch. With the inclusion of pump–probe phase mismatch, however, the maximum amount of squeezing is obtained with a finite-length medium instead. This prompts us to investigate in detail the finite-length medium case. Our results show that the effects of Doppler broadening and Gaussian-intensity variation can be largely circumvented by detuning the pump frequency more than three Doppler half-widths from resonance and that good broadband squeezing can be achieved even with a Doppler-broadened medium that has a moderate amount of collision broadening. Under these circumstances it is found that the effect of pump self-focusing or defocusing will be the major factor that limits the amount of achievable squeezing. In particular, the spatially varying nonlinear refractive indices seen by the pump and the probe modes are quite different, which causes the former to become spatially mismatched with the latter in the region in which strong squeezing is otherwise expected.
We present a fully quantum-mechanical theory of nondegenerate multiwave mixing processes in three-level cascades with a two-photon pump. The explicit formulas for the resonance fluorescence spectrum and the quantum combination-tone source term are derived. The theory is applied to the generation of squeezed states of light. We find almost perfect squeezing for some strong-pump intensities and tunings within the Rabi sidebands. We find good broadband squeezing for low-pump intensities and tunings outside a small region around central tuning. Both cases avoid regions of significant spontaneous emission.
This dissertation examines aspects of the interaction of multiple coherent light fields for the two-photon two-level model. In this model the interacting energy levels are not connected by an atomic dipole and a two-photon transition between them is necessary. We employ the density matrix formalism allowing easy comparison between the one- and two-photon two-level models. Significant differences are found due to dynamic Stark shifts and conjugate scattering off the pump-induced two-photon coherence. Averages over Doppler broadening are performed and the new upper-level relaxation mechanisms of decay to an intermediate nonresonant level and ionization from the upper state are included. The new relaxation mechanisms, introduced to the theory to better model experiments, are similar except that ionization is intensity dependent. They cause the resulting probe absorption spectra to become more complex and in general asymmetric. Doppler broadening is also important in experiments using gases. We analytically average over a Lorentzian velocity distribution for both co- and counterpropagating pump and probe beams. For copropagating fields the results are similar to those for the one-photon case averaged over inhomogeneous broadening, whereas counterpropagating pump and probe fields yield the so-called Doppler-free configuration that is normally only modelled to third order in the pump amplitude. We consider the pump field amplitude to all orders and find that as long as the width of the Doppler velocity distribution is significantly larger than the two-photon Rabi frequency the results are Doppler-free. The final part of the dissertation treats the question of two-photon squeezed states. This requires quantized sidemodes. Squeezed states are minimum uncertainty states with unequal variances in the two quadratures of the electromagnetic field amplitude. One way to generate these states is via multiwave mixing and we present here the first calculation for nondegenerate two-photon multiwave mixing as it applies to squeezed states. We find that in general two-photon squeezed states require lower intensities and detuning than those predicted by the one-photon model.