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World Scientific series in 20th century physics

Dyson equation and Ward-Takahashi identities of the closed–time-path Green's function

Guangzhao Zhou, Zhao-bing SU

Published May 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Dyson equation satisfied by the closed--time-path Green's function of the order parameters is considered. The transport equation for the number density of the quasiparticles is written down in a general but simple form. With use of the path-interal formulation for the generating functional of these Green's function, the Ward-Takahashi identites are deduced.

DOI
10.1142/9789814280389_0080

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The Dyson equation satisfied by the closed--time-path Green's function of the order parameters is considered. The transport equation for the number density of the quasiparticles is written down in a general but simple form. With use of the path-interal formulation for the generating functional of these Green's function, the Ward-Takahashi identites are deduced.
The closed time path Green's function (CTPGF) formalism is applied to the critical dynamics. The related results for the CTPGF approach are briefly reviewed. Three different forms of CTPGF's are defined, transformations from one to another form and other useful computation rules are given. The path integral presentation of the generating functional for CTPGF's is used to derive the Ward-Takahashi identities under both linear and nonlinear transformations of field variables. The generalized Langevin equations for the order parameters and conserved variables are derived from the vertex functional on the closed time path. The proper form of the equations for the conserved variables, including automatically the mode coupling terms, is determined according to the Ward-Takahashi identities and the linear response theory. All existing dynamic models are reobtained by assuming the corresponding symmetry properties for the system. The effective action for the order parameters is deduced by averaging over the random external field. The Lagrangian formulation of the statistical field theory is obtained if the random field one-loop approximation and the second-order approximation of order-parameter fluctuations on different time branches are both taken. The various possibilities of improving the current theory of critical dynamics within the framework of CTPGF's are discussed. The problem of renormalization for the finite-temperature field theory is considered. The whole theoretical framework is also applicable to systems near the stationary states far from equilibrium, whenever there exists an analog of the potential function ("free energy").
The closed time path Green's function (CTPGF) formalism is applied to the critical dynamics. The related results for the CTPGF approach are briefly reviewed. Three different forms of CTPGF's are defined, transformations from one to another form and other useful computation rules are given. The path integral presentation of the generating functional for CTPGF's is used to derive the Ward-Takahashi identities under both linear and nonlinear transformations of field variables. The generalized Langevin equations for the order parameters and conserved variables are derived from the vertex functional on the closed time path. The proper form of the equations for the conserved variables, including automatically the mode coupling terms, is determined according to the Ward-Takahashi identities and the linear response theory. All existing dynamic models are reobtained by assuming the corresponding symmetry properties for the system. The effective action for the order parameters is deduced by averaging over the random external field. The Lagrangian formulation of the statistical field theory is obtained if the random field one-loop approximation and the second-order approximation of order-parameter fluctuations on different time branches are both taken. The various possibilities of improving the current theory of critical dynamics within the framework of CTPGF's are discussed. The problem of renormalization for the finite-temperature field theory is considered. The whole theoretical framework is also applicable to systems near the stationary states far from equilibrium, whenever there exists an analog of the potential function (free energy).
It has been a long-standing problem in NNN-electron systems as to how to solve the Dyson equation with the quasiparticle wave functions defined as $\ensuremath{\langle}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{N}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{s}(\mathbit{r})\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{N+1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{N\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{s}(\mathbit{r})\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{0}^{N}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$, which are not mutually orthogonal and have a norm less than 1. We show that quasiparticle wave functions without multiple excitations can exactly be normalized to unity owing to the Ward identity and the vertex function in $(\mathbit{q},{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, although they are not necessarily mutually orthogonal. Since they satisfy an eigenvalue equation with the hermitized self-energy due to Baym-Kadanoff's conservation laws, the present theory can be regarded as an extension of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory, with correlated, interacting, one-electron orbitals.
We derive Ward-Takahashi identities for correlated Bose-Einstein condensates based on the expressions of the first-order variations (δΨ,δG)(δΨ,δG)(δΨ,δG) due to perturbations obtained in the preceding paper [T. Kita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 90\bf 9090, 024001 (2021)] for the condensate wave function ΨΨΨ and Green's function GGG. They enable us to obtain several exact results on the density and current correlation functions Kνν′K_{νν'}^{}Kνν′​, and also express Kνν′K_{νν'}^{}Kνν′​ in terms of low-energy Green's functions and vertices. The latter expressions open up the possibility of constructing theory of superfluid Bose liquids in the same way as that for fermions at low temperatures. The vertices are found to have different limits depending on which of frequency ωωω and wavenumber qqq is set equal to zero first.
A theoretical scheme using closed time-path Green's functions is proposed to describe the quantum statistical properties of the order parameter in terms of a generating functional. The dynamic evolution, is generated by a driving source, while the statistical correlation by a fluctuation source. The statistical causality is shown to hold explicitly and to give rise to a number of important consequences. The problem of determining the quantum statistical properties for the order parameter is reduced to finding a solution of the functional equation for it.