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Журнал технической физики

Методы возбуждения параметрического резонанса в схеме оптического магнитометрического датчика

Anton K. Vershovskii, М.В. Петренко

Published Jan 1, 2021• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An experimental comparison of the methods for modulating the parameters of resonant transverse to the external magnetic field pumping radiation in a two-beam optical magnetometric sensor (so called Bell-Bloom scheme) is carried out, as well as a comparison of these methods with the standard method of radio-frequency excitation of magnetic resonance under conditions of strong laser pumping. It is shown that although the standard method allows one to achieve a greater suppression of the spin-exchange broadening of the magnetic resonance line by pumping light, the Bell-Bloom scheme has advantages that make it possible to obtain similar sensitivity values upon modulation of both the intensity and polarization of the pump light; at the same time, the Bell-Bloom scheme is potentially characterized by higher speed, which is essential for the problems of magnetoencephalography and ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging.

DOI
10.21883/jtf.2021.05.50698.337-20

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An experimental comparison of the methods for modulating the parameters of resonant transverse to the external magnetic field pumping radiation in a two-beam optical magnetometric sensor (so called Bell-Bloom scheme) is carried out, as well as a comparison of these methods with the standard method of radio-frequency excitation of magnetic resonance under conditions of strong laser pumping. It is shown that although the standard method allows one to achieve a greater suppression of the spin-exchange broadening of the magnetic resonance line by pumping light, the Bell-Bloom scheme has advantages that make it possible to obtain similar sensitivity values upon modulation of both the intensity and polarization of the pump light; at the same time, the Bell-Bloom scheme is potentially characterized by higher speed, which is essential for the problems of magnetoencephalography and ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging.
Introduction Soon after the development of optical magnetometers based on the radio-optical double resonance method (see Chapter 4), it was realized by Bell and Bloom [1] that an alternative method for optical magnetometry was to modulate the light used for optical pumping at a frequency resonant with the Larmor precession of atomic spins. In a Bell-Bloom optical magnetometer, circularly polarized light resonant with an atomic transition propagates through an atomic vapor along a direction transverse to a magnetic field B . Atomic spins immersed in B precess at the Larmor frequency Ω L , and when the light intensity is modulated at Ω m = Ω L , a resonance in the transmitted light intensity is observed. The essential ideas of the Bell–Bloom optical magnetometer are reviewed in Chapter 1 (Section 1.2), and can be summarized in terms of what Bell and Bloom termed optically driven spin precession: in analogy with a driven harmonic oscillator, in a magnetic field B atomic spins precess at a natural frequency equal to Ω L and the light acts as a driving force oscillating at the modulation frequency Ω m . From another point of view, the Bell-Bloom optical magnetometer can be described in terms of synchronous optical pumping: when Ω m = Ω L , there is a “stroboscopic” resonance in which atoms are optically pumped into a spin state stationary in the frame rotating with Ω L . Depending on the details of the atomic structure, the spin state stationary in the rotating frame can be either a dark state that does not interact with the modulated light or a bright state for which the strength of the light–atom interaction is increased.
We present the results of studying the parameters of the magnetic MX{M}_{X}MX​ resonance in an all-optical sensor built according to the two-beam Bell-Bloom scheme in nonzero ultraweak magnetic fields in which the effects of spin-exchange broadening suppression are partially manifested. We report on the features of the resonance under these conditions. We also optimize the resonance parameters to achieve maximum sensitivity in magnetoencephalographic sensors. We demonstrate an improvement in the ultimate achievable sensitivity of an all-optical MX{M}_{X}MX​ sensor by a factor of 4 or more, which in our experiment corresponds to a decrease from 13 to 3fT/Hz1/23\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{fT/Hz}}^{1/2}3fT/Hz1/2 in a volume of 0.13cm30.13\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}0.13cm3. We also report the effect of incomplete suppression of spin-exchange broadening under conditions of strong transverse modulated optical pumping, and propose a semiempirical model to describe it.
An algorithm is proposed for the approximate solution of a purely nonlinear problem of the parameters of optically detected magnetic resonance in the ground state of alkali atoms in an optically dense medium under conditions of intense narrow-band optical pumping, which causes, first, bleaching of the atomic medium, and, second, partial suppression of spin-exchange broadening. The direct solution of the Liouville equation under these conditions is complicated by the fact that the relaxation time of each of the levels of the hyperfine and Zeeman structure of the ground state is determined by the populations of the remaining levels, which leads to the necessity of solving a self-consistent problem in a multilevel system, and, as a rule, requires the use of supercomputers. In this paper, approximations are proposed that make it possible to significantly simplify and speed up the calculation by orders of magnitude, and the results are compared with experimental data using the example of a two-beam Mx scheme of a magnetometric sensor
The method of transferring the frequency of an optically detected magnetic resonance both up and down by an arbitrary value is implemented in a single-beam optical pumping scheme by modulating the linearly polarized beam component. The possibility of observing the Hanle resonance in a magnetic field virtually zeroed upon transition to a rotating coordinate system is demonstrated. A model experiment was carried out, confirming the fundamental feasibility and effectiveness of the method. Keywords: Optically detectable magnetic resonance, optical resonance frequency transfer, Hanle effect, Bell-Bloom scheme, quantum magnetometer.
Abstract A variant of the scheme of a magnetometric sensor based on cesium atomic vapor is proposed and experimentally investigated. The sensor uses magnetic resonance excitation by modulated light of an hyperfine optical pumping that is transverse to the magnetic field. It is shown that, for a cell with a volume of 0.125 cm3, the variational sensitivity of such a scheme, estimated from the ratio of the steepness of the signal in the center of the magnetic resonance to the shot noise of the detecting radiation, reaches a level of <10 fT/Hz1/2 in the frequency band width of the order of 850 Hz. The sensor, which does not emit radio frequency fields, is designed for use in magnetoencephalographic complexes. Possible ways to improve the performance of the scheme for detecting relatively fast (~4.2 kHz in a field of 0.1 mT) signals of the precession of proton magnetic moments in promising ultra-weak field tomography schemes are considered.
Abstract An algorithm of approximate solution of an essentially nonlinear problem of parameters of optically detected magnetic resonance in the ground state of alkali atoms in an optically dense medium under the conditions of strong narrow-band optical pumping that induces transparency of atomic medium and partial suppression of spin-exchange broadening is proposed. Straightforward solution of the Liouville’s equation is complicated in this case by the fact that relaxation time of each of the levels of the hyperfine and Zeeman structures of the ground state is determined by populations of all other levels, which results in the necessity of solving a self-consistent problem in a multilevel system and requires using supercomputers, as a rule. In the present work, approximations that allow substantially simplifying and accelerating calculation are proposed. A two-beam MX-scheme of a magnetometric sensor is used as an example to compare the results of calculations with experimental data.